The early years of the 20th century were dominated by the Democratic Republican Alliance, which was originally conceived as a centre-left political alliance, but over time became the main centre-right party. Its lineage goes back to the Tristano Veneto. Amina and Miriam get into an equally taboo same-sex relationship. In 1899, Dreyfus was returned to France for another trial. The lottery immediately became popular, and became a major foundation of the annual budget. [7] In his text, Thomas names another trouvre who also sang of Tristan, though no manuscripts of this earlier version have been discovered. In 1904, French foreign minister Thophile Delcass negotiated the Entente Cordiale with Lord Lansdowne, the British Foreign Secretary, an agreement that ended a long period of Anglo-French tensions and hostility. Unintentionally, the Monarchists had replaced an absolute monarchy by a parliamentary one. WebWatch Live Cams Now! At issue was blatant anti-Semitism as practised by the French Army and defended by conservatives and Catholic traditionalists against secular centre-left, left and republican forces, including most Jews. To prompt the Prussians to leave France, the government passed a variety of financial laws, such as the controversial Law of Maturities, to pay reparations. ", Chris Millington, "Political Violence in Interwar France. After Napoleon's capture by the Prussians at the Battle of Sedan (1 September 1870), Parisian deputies led by Lon Gambetta established the Government of National Defence as a provisional government on 4 September 1870. France demanded that Germany assume many of the costs incurred from the war through annual reparation payments. I agree that by entering this website, I am subjecting myself, and any business entity in which I have any legal or equitable interest, to the personal jurisdiction of the State of Florida, Miami-Dade County, should any dispute arise at any time between this website, myself and/or such business entity; This warning page constitutes a legally binding agreement between me, this website and/or any business in which I have any legal or equitable interest. In Paris, resentment against the government built and from late March May 1871, Paris workers and National Guards revolted and established the Paris Commune, which maintained a radical left-wing regime for two months until its bloody suppression by the Thiers government in May 1871. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the French colonial empire was the second largest colonial empire in the world only behind the British Empire; it extended over 13,500,000 km2 (5,200,000 sq mi) of land at its height in the 1920s and 1930s. Rosemary Sutcliff wrote two novels based on the story of Tristan and Iseult. Tristan escapes on his way to the gallows, making a miraculous leap from a chapel to rescue Iseult. In English, the Tristan story generally suffered the same fate as the Matter of Britain. The Revue des deux Mondes, with its prestigious past and sharp articles, was a major conservative organ. The challenges were monumental: the German seizure of the industrial heartland in the northeast, a shortage of manpower, and a mobilization plan that left France on the brink of defeat. no authorisation. It originated as a Christian feast day honoring one or two early Christian martyrs named Saint Valentine and, through later folk traditions, has become a significant cultural, religious, and commercial celebration of romance and love This episode is similar to a version of the courtly branch when Tristan places wood shavings in a stream as a signal for Iseult to meet in the garden of Mark's palace. It opposed women's suffrage for fear that women would vote for its opponents or for candidates endorsed by the Catholic Church. Permanent professional diplomats and bureaucrats had developed their own traditions of how to operate at the Quai d'Orsay (where the Foreign Ministry was located), and their style changed little from generation to generation. In expressing this belief, he violated the Pact of Bordeaux, angering the Monarchists in the Assembly. A staunch Catholic conservative with Legitimist sympathies and a noted mistrust of secularists, de MacMahon grew to be increasingly at odds with the French parliament as liberal and secular republicans gained a legislative majority during his presidency. Respuesta de Tristn is a unique 15th-century romance written as imaginary letters between the two lovers. [1] Based on a Celtic legend and possibly other sources, the tale is a tragedy about the illicit love between the Cornish knight Tristan and the Irish princess Iseult. It is the most commonly used letter in many languages, including Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, The French victory at the Battle of the Marne in September 1914 ensured the failure of Germany's strategy to win quickly. 2257 Record Keeping Requirements Compliance Statement, Copyright Chaturbate.com 2011 - 2022. In Italy, many cantari or oral poems performed in the public square about Tristan or referencing him. [130] Even more so then in France, the concept of la dcadence was accepted in the English-speaking world, where British historians such A. J. P. Taylor often described the Third Republic as a tottering regime on the verge of collapse. [20] Another theory put forth is that the low rate of French population growth, relative to Germany, was due to a lower French birth rate perhaps due to the provision under French Revolutionary law that land must be divided up among all the sons (or a large compensation paid) this led peasants to not want more than one son. Iseult is grateful for Mark's kindness to her. 1882: Religious instruction was removed from all state schools. [62], Under the leadership of expansionist Jules Ferry, the Third Republic greatly expanded the French colonial empire. He based his findings on school records, migration patterns, military service documents and economic trends. This eventually results in the Irish epic tale Tin B Cailnge. [56][57], French foreign policy was based on a fear of Germanywhose larger size and fast-growing economy could not be matchedcombined with a revanchism that demanded the return of Alsace and Lorraine. In two popular Danish chapbooks of the late 18th century, Tristans Saga ok Inionu and En Tragoedisk Historie om den dle og Tappre Tistrand, Iseult is a princess of India. The Prose Tristan evolved into the familiar medieval tale of Tristan and Iseult that became the Post-Vulgate Cycle. The most influential was Action Franaise, founded in 1905 by the vitriolic author Charles Maurras. [13], The Panama scandals of 1892, regarded as the largest financial fraud of the 19th century, involved a failed attempt to build the Panama Canal. Adolphe Thiers called republicanism in the 1870s "the form of government that divides France least"; however, politics under the Third Republic were sharply polarized. [137], Territories and colonies of the French Republic at the end of 1939. Bdier wrote Romance of Tristan and Iseult to reconstruct what this source might have been like, incorporating material from other versions to make a cohesive whole. From 1926 to 1929, the French economy prospered and manufacturing flourished. The earliest complete source of Tristan's story in English was Sir Tristrem, a c.1300 romantic poem in the courtly style with 3,344 lines. WebRead latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. The early days of the Third Republic were dominated by political disruptions caused by the Franco-Prussian War of 18701871, which the Republic continued to wage after the fall of Emperor Napoleon III in 1870. When it's discovered, sia's fearful enough to kill herself. The ALP had a stronger popular base, with better financing and a stronger network of newspapers, but had far fewer seats in parliament. Grinne gives a sleeping potion to all present but Diarmuid Ua Duibhne, and she convinces him to elope with her. [78], In 1914, the government implemented a war economy with controls and rationing. He was subsequently accused by Republicans and their sympathizers of attempting a constitutional coup d'tat, which he denied. In the popular extended version of the Prose Tristan and the works derived from it, Tristan is attacked by King Mark while he plays the harp for Iseult. WebAs the wheel turns, autumn leaves lie beneath winter snows, the land dreams. On the left stood Reformist France, heir to the French Revolution. The conservatives were divided on foreign affairs. [47] In 1904, mile Loubet, the president of France from 1899 to 1906, visited King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in Rome, and Pope Pius X protested at this recognition of the Italian State. Herriot's party was in fact neither radical nor socialist, rather it represented the interests of small business and the lower middle class. All Rights Reserved.www3-ext-wb8x:d482c67cabf0-3. These contradictory impulses produced cash that make possible the French welfare state, at the crossroads of philanthropy, market and public sphere. The Jules Ferry laws on free, mandatory and secular public education, voted in 1881 and 1882, were one of the first sign of this republican control of the Republic, as public education was not any more in the exclusive control of the Catholic congregations. It depicts Tristan's mission to escort Iseult from Ireland to marry his uncle, King Mark of Cornwall. They reported the improvement of financial markets, the brilliance of the post-war literature and the revival of public morale. I agree that this agreement is governed by the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (commonly known as the "E-Sign Act"), 15 U.S.C. 187273: After the nation faced the immediate political problems, it needed to establish a permanent form of government. Watch for free or, if you prefer, buy tokens so you can interact with them or just tip to help get them off while they frolic nude on their sex cams. Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as "love"; one example is the plurality of Greek concepts for "love" (agape, eros, philia, storge) . Some scholars believe Ovid's Pyramus and Thisbe and the story of Ariadne at Naxos may have contributed to the development of the Tristan legend. The Franco-Prussian War of 18701871 resulted in the defeat of France and the overthrow of Emperor Napoleon III and his Second French Empire. The first part dates between 1150 and 1170, and the second one dates between 1181 and 1190. Joseph Bdier's Romance of Tristan and Iseult is quoted as a source by John Updike in the afterword to his 1994 novel Brazil about the lovers Tristo and Isabel. The measures were accompanied by the abolition of chaplains in the armed forces and the removal of nuns from hospitals. I further agree that neither this website nor its affiliates will be held responsible for any legal ramifications arising from any fraudulent entry into or use of this website; I understand that my use of this website is governed by the website's. The early governments of the Third Republic considered re-establishing the monarchy, but disagreement as to the nature of that monarchy and the rightful occupant of the throne could not be resolved. This is taboo and illegal given that he's mixed race. On the journey, Tristan and Iseult ingest a love potion, instigating a love affair between them. Modern editions run twelve volumes for the extended version that includes Tristan's participation in the Quest for the Holy Grail. Foreign governments, especially Russia and Turkey, secretly paid the press hundreds of thousands of francs a year to guarantee favourable coverage of the bonds it was selling in Paris. His name also varies, although Tristan is the most common modern spelling. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted in the loss of the French regions of Alsace (keeping the Territoire de Belfort) and Lorraine (the northeastern part, i.e. The Ulster Cycle includes the text Clann Uisnigh or Deirdre of the Sorrows in which Naoise mac Usnech falls for Deirdre. Their work is part of an emerging consensus that France's radical right was formed in part during the Dreyfus era by men who had been Boulangist partisans of the radical left a decade earlier. [25] While papers usually gave false circulation figures, Le Petit Provenal in 1913 probably had a daily circulation of about 100,000 and Le Petit Meridional had about 70,000. Body Decorations: no. [36] The 1981 Irish film Lovespell features Nicholas Clay as Tristan and Kate Mulgrew as Iseult. After defeating the Irish knight Morholt, the young prince Tristan travels to Ireland to bring back the fair Iseult (often known as Isolde, Isolt, or Yseult) for his uncle King Mark of Cornwall to marry. On the other hand, there was the left-center Cartel des gauches dominated by douard Herriot of the Radical Socialist party. He designated an innkeeper as King Mark, his wife as Iseult, and a Breton onion-seller as Tristan. This meant that all fifty-four orders in France were dissolved and about 20,000 members immediately left France, many for Spain. This was funded by a lotterythe first one allowed in France since 1836. The French Communist Party blamed the defeat on the "corrupt" and "decadent" capitalist Third Republic (conveniently hiding its own sabotaging of the French war effort during the Nazi-Soviet Pact and its opposition to the "imperialist war" against Germany in 193940). YOU MUST BE OVER 18 AND AGREE TO THE TERMS BELOW BEFORE CONTINUING: This website contains information, links, images and videos of sexually explicit material (collectively, the "Sexually Explicit Material"). By 1915, the war economy went into high gear, as millions of French women and colonial men replaced the civilian roles of many of the 3 million soldiers. ", Reynolds M. Salerno, "The French Navy and the Appeasement of Italy, 1937-9. In 1832, Gaetano Donizetti referenced this story in his opera L'elisir d'amore (The Elixir of Love or The Love Potion) in Milan. Feb 1875: Series of parliamentary Acts established the organic or constitutional laws of the new republic. WebGet The Wall Street Journals Opinion columnists, editorials, op-eds, letters to the editor, and book and arts reviews. Various art forms from the medieval era represented Tristan's story, from ivory mirror cases to the 13th-century Sicilian Tristan Quilt. However, not all historians agree that the Drustan referred to is the archetype of Tristan. Exposed as the Affaire Des Fiches, the scandal undermined support for the Combes government, and he resigned. I am excited to announce the creation of Yahoos newest Employee Resource Group (ERG) focused on Neurodiversity, spearheaded by Margaux Joffe, Yahoos Head of Production, Global Marketing Department. [63], In an effort to isolate Germany, France went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain, first by means of the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894, then the 1904 Entente Cordiale with Great Britain, and finally the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907 which became the Triple Entente. It is the only known verse representative of the Tristan story in Slavic languages. With Ansel Elgort, Rachel Zegler, Ariana DeBose, David Alvarez. Advertising only filled 20% or so of the pages. [64], French foreign policy in the years leading up to the First World War was based largely on hostility to and fear of German power. Following the French surrender to Prussia in January 1871, concluding the Franco-Prussian War, the transitional Government of National Defence established a new seat of government at Versailles due to the encirclement of Paris by Prussian forces. In Broul's version, the love potion eventually wears off, but the two lovers continue their adulterous relationship. Consequently, in 1871 the throne was offered to the Comte de Chambord. [75], After the French army successfully defended Paris in 1914, the conflict became one of trench warfare along the Western Front, with very high casualty rates. Throughout its seventy-year history, the Third Republic stumbled from crisis to crisis, from dissolved parliaments to the appointment of a mentally ill president (Paul Deschanel). From the Church's perspective, its mission was to express the political ideals and new social doctrines embodied in Leo's 1891 encyclical "Rerum Novarum". All workers were given a two-week paid vacation. The Germans also rushed along the Somme valley toward the English Channel coast to catch the Allies in a large pocket that forced them into the disastrous Battle of Dunkirk. When the real news was bad about Russia, as during its 1905 Revolution or during its war with Japan, it raised the ante to millions. Some scholars suggest that the 11th-century Persian story Vis and Rmin is the model for the Tristan legend because the similarities are too significant to be coincidental. [117], Historians have debated two themes regarding the sudden collapse of the French government in 1940. The earliest instances take two primary forms: the courtly and common branches. The latest technology was featured, such as cinemas and exhibits of inventions like X-ray machines (that could be used to fit shoes) and the gramophone. [106][107], Politically, the Popular Front fell apart over Blum's refusal to intervene vigorously in the Spanish Civil War, as demanded by the Communists. The earliest surviving Tristan poems include references to King Arthur and his court. The German African colonies, such as Kamerun, were partitioned between France and Britain. 1746 and other applicable statutes and laws that all of the following statements are true and correct: THIS SITE ACTIVELY COOPERATES WITH LAW ENFORCEMENT IN ALL INSTANCES OF SUSPECTED ILLEGAL USE OF THE SERVICE, ESPECIALLY IN THE CASE OF UNDERAGE USAGE OF THE SERVICE. The novel describes merchandising, management techniques, marketing, and consumerism. King Mark eventually learns of the affair and seeks to entrap his nephew and wife. 29. There was little effort to build up the military strength or technological capabilities of these small allies, and they remained weak and divided among themselves. WebYour go-to for Pharmacy, Health & Wellness and Photo products. The Americans left their heavy weapons at home in order to use the few available transports to send as many soldiers to front as possible in the shortest amount of time. West Side Story: Directed by Steven Spielberg. Nothing in the tone or content of the articles foretold the crushing military defeat and collapse of June 1940. May 1877: with public opinion swinging heavily in favour of a republic, the President of the Republic. French intellectuals welcomed the war to avenge the humiliation of defeat and loss of territory in 1871. Additionally, same-sex relationships are taboo, as the coroner must pretend that his lover was a stranger even while he's performing his autopsy. For instance, in one Danish ballad, Tristan and Iseult are brother and sister. All newspapers relied upon the Agence Havas (now Agence France-Presse), a telegraphic news service with a network of reporters and contracts with Reuters to provide world service. One peculiar example involves Helen and Dave in. [60], The Suez Canal, initially built by the French, became a joint British-French project in 1875, as both saw it as vital to maintaining their influence and empires in Asia. [124] In 1942 the Riom Trial was held bringing several leaders of the Third Republic to trial for declaring war on Germany in 1939 and accusing them of not doing enough to prepare France for war. Emile Combes, when elected Prime Minister in 1902, was determined to defeat Catholicism thoroughly. Rosalind Miles wrote a trilogy about Tristan and Isolde: The Queen of the Western Isle (2002), The Maid of the White Hands (2003), and The Lady of the Sea (2004). [34] The great writer mile Zola (18401902) set his novel Au Bonheur des Dames (188283) in the typical department store. 7000, et seq., and by choosing to click on "I Agree. Summer camps and youth groups were organized to promote conservative values in working-class families, and help them design a career path. Relegated to the Championship but with no prospect of competitive rugby there any time soon, Sarries are in limbo. No Registration Required - 100% Free Uncensored Adult Chat. [12], Revisionist scholars have argued that the Boulangist movement more often represented elements of the radical left rather than the extreme right. The theme was the "conditions for a lasting peace." Fianna pursues the fugitive lovers across Ireland. Thomas Hardy published his one-act play The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse in 1923. When Valerie had had enough of her husband's abuse, she turned to murder, then dismembered his corpse. For example, Berlin broke its close ties with St. Petersburg, allowing the French to enter through heavy financial investment, and a Paris-St Petersburg military alliance that proved essential and durable. Compromise on this was impossible, Chambord believed, if the nation were to be made whole again. The model of youth groups was expanded to reach adults in the Ligue ouvrire chrtienne fminine ("League of Working Christian Women") and the Mouvement populaire des familles. WebThe Treaty of Versailles (French: Trait de Versailles; German: Versailler Vertrag, pronounced [vza ftak] ()) was the most important of the peace treaties of World War I.It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.It was signed on 28 June 1919 in the Palace of Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of The following repression of the communards would have disastrous consequences for the labour movement. Extremely popular in the 13th and 14th centuries, these lengthy narratives vary in detail. [68], The Third Republic, in line with the imperialistic ethos of the day sweeping Europe, developed a French colonial empire. This was rejected only after a lengthy debate showed how the LDH was divided between a majority that believed that arbitration could be applied only in times of peace, and a minority that demanded an immediate end to the carnage. These hirsute models love to show off their beautiful natural bodies and play with their hairy pussies on their live sex webcams, hoping you'll want to join in. The staid old papers retained their loyal clientele because of their concentration on serious political issues. Another Irish analog is Scla Cano meic Gartnin, preserved in the 14th-century Yellow Book of Lecan. ", Martin of Tours Revival of the popular devotion to St. Martin in the Third Republic, French law on the separation of Church and State, International relations of the Great Powers (18141919), conditions that led to the outbreak of World War I, Diplomatic history of World War I France, regions of northeastern France that had seen warfare and occupation, Comit de vigilance des intellectuels antifascistes, government of a provisional French Republic, French Presidential elections under the Third Republic, "The Night the Old Regime Ended: August 4, 1789 and the French Revolution By Michael P. Fitzsimmons", "Life expectancy (from birth) in Germany, from 1875 to 2020", "The Assumptionist Response to Secularisation, 18701900", "Warenhausunternehmen und ihre Grnder in Frankreich und Deutschland oder: eine diskrete Elite und mancherlei Mythen", Proceedings of the Western Society for French History, "The Official Philosophy of the French Third Republic: Leon Bourgeois and Solidarism", "Church, State, and Education in France From the Falloux to the Ferry Laws: A Reassessment", "Fighting for the Unknown Soldier: The Contested Territory of the French Nation in 19341938", "Les crivains franais et la notion de dcadence de 1870 1914", online review in English by James E. Connolly, Nov. 2013), full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 18481918, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Third_Republic&oldid=1126618509, States and territories established in 1870, States and territories disestablished in 1940, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, September 1870: following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War the Third Republic was created and the. It is a contemporary retelling of the story with a man named Patrice in the role of Tristan, who fetches a wife for his friend Marke. Later traditions come from the vast Prose Tristan (c.1240), markedly different from the tales of Thomas and Broul. [105], Most historians judge the Popular Front a failure, although some call it a partial success. In 1884, he told French bishops not to act in a hostile manner toward the State ('Nobilissima Gallorum Gens'[44]). The short version of the Prose Tristan and some later works also use the traditional account of Tristan's death as found in the poetic versions. WebDownload and listen to new, exclusive, electronic dance music and house tracks. Then he had parliament reject authorization of all religious orders. Plagued by disease, death, inefficiency, and widespread corruption, and its troubles covered up by bribed French officials, the Panama Canal Company went bankrupt. When Germany fell behind in reparations payments in 1923, France seized the industrialized Ruhr region. Malory provided a shortened translation of the French Prose Tristan, including in his compilation Le Morte d'Arthur. One of the most surprising aspects of the Third Republic was that it constituted the first stable republican government in French history and the first to win the support of the majority of the population, but it was intended as an interim, temporary government. Wave after wave of strikes hit French industry in 1936. Web http://suckinghat.com 0 .http://suckinghat.com 0 . The cover price went up, circulation fell and many of the 242 dailies published outside Paris closed down. Exhibitionist & Voyeur 08/06/20: The Naked and the Dead Ch. Washington, DC: Mage publishers. Unfortunately, only ten fragments of his Tristan poem survived, compiled from six manuscripts. The Nordic version presents a complete, direct narrative of the events in Thomas' Tristan with the omission of his numerous interpretive diversions. In Harry Turtledove's alternate history Ruled Britannia, Christopher Marlowe writes a play called Yseult and Tristan to compete with his friend William Shakespeare's immensely popular Hamlet. The period from the start of World War I to the late 1930s featured sharply polarized politics, between the Democratic Republican Alliance and the Radicals. By choosing to enter this website you are affirming under oath and penalties of perjury pursuant to Title 28 U.S.C. We are the only firm providing truly comprehensive services to the creators and producers of plays and musicals, including theatrical licensing, music Despite the low pay and long hours, they enjoyed the exciting complex interactions with the newest and most fashionable merchandise and upscale customers. ", Martin Thomas, "France and the Czechoslovak crisis. [36], Increasingly after 1870, the stores' work force became feminized, opening up prestigious job opportunities for young women. He is one of the most outstanding members of the Round Table and participates in the Quest for the Holy Grail. Morgana's relationship with Celia was in violation of their. Sometimes, a newspaper would blackmail a business by threatening to publish unfavorable information unless the business immediately started advertising in the paper. The workers' demands for strikes threatened such stability and pushed many Radicals toward conservatism. Although the Great Depression was not yet severe, the lottery appealed to charitable impulses, greed, and respect for veterans. It embittered French politics and facilitated the increasing influence of radical politicians on both sides of the political spectrum. Thomas Malory's The Book of Sir Tristram de Lyones is the only other medieval handling of the Tristan legend in English. In some versions, Tristan and Iseult ingest the potion accidentally. French director Franois Truffaut adapted the subject to modern times for his 1981 film La Femme d' ct (The Woman Next Door), while 1988's In the Shadow of the Raven transported the characters to medieval Iceland. The prime minister was Lon Blum, a technocratic socialist who avoided making decisions. Often they worked in alliance with Masonic lodges. Show More. Thomas Berger retold the story of Tristan and Isolde in his 1978 interpretation of the Arthurian legend, Arthur Rex: A Legendary Novel. Several important conservative politicians sustained the journal Gringoire, foremost among them Andr Tardieu. [111], France's republican government had long been strongly anti-clerical. 02 (4.77) A case solved and love exposed. Napoleon's Concordat of 1801 continued in operation, but in 1881, the government cut off salaries to priests it disliked. It encouraged young working women to adopt Catholic approaches to morality and to prepare for future roles as mothers at the same time as it promoted notions of spiritual equality and encouraged young women to take active, independent, and public roles in the present. French foreign and security policy used the balance of power and alliance politics to compel Germany to comply with its obligations under the Treaty of Versailles. The Franco-Russian Alliance served as the cornerstone of French foreign policy until 1917. 1914: After SFIO (French Section of the Workers' International) leader. It concerns another of Tristan's clandestine returns to Cornwall, with the banished hero signaling his presence to Iseult with an inscribed hazelnut tree branch placed on a road she was to travel. Intensive rearmament programs began in 1936 and were re-doubled in 1938, but they would only bear fruit in 1939 and 1940. The legend received a high-budget treatment with 2006's Tristan & Isolde, produced by Tony Scott and Ridley Scott, written by Dean Georgaris, directed by Kevin Reynolds, and starring James Franco and Sophia Myles. The Duc de Broglie, an Orleanist, as the prime minister. De MacMahon, his popularity bolstered by his victory over the Commune, was later elected President of the Republic in May 1873 and would hold the office until January 1879. WebStar Wars: Invasion: The Yuuzhan Vong Warrior Tsalok and the Master Shaper Nagme had some form of relationship in the past and still harbor feelings for each other, but are prohibited from acting on them because inter-caste relationships are forbidden in Vong culture. [15] Historian Timothy Smith finds French fears of national public assistance programs were grounded in a widespread disdain for the English Poor Law. The Communists supported its domestic policies, but did not take any seats in the cabinet. The mid-6th century "Drustanus Stone" in southeast Cornwall close to Castle Dore has an inscription referring to Drustan, son of Cunomorus (Mark). Nevertheless, the ALP remained until 1914 the most important party on the right.[46]. [125] Marc Bloch in his book Strange Defeat (written in 1940, and published posthumously in 1946) argued that the French upper classes had ceased to believe in the greatness of France following the Popular Front victory of 1936, and so had allowed themselves to fall under the spell of fascism and defeatism. Marshal Philippe Ptain stated in one radio broadcast, "The regime led the country to ruin." ", Stephen A. Schuker, "France and the Remilitarization of the Rhineland, 1936. The Entente Cordiale, which functioned as an informal Anglo-French alliance, was further strengthened by the First and Second Moroccan crises of 1905 and 1911, and by secret military and naval staff talks. Implementation finally came when the government realized that contagious diseases had a national security impact in weakening military recruits, and keeping the population growth rate well below Germany's. Lucienne and Hortense both have relationships with Germans, which many French people find to be treasonous ("horizontal collaboration"). As Paris was cut off from the rest of unoccupied France, the Minister of War, Lon Gambetta, who succeeded in leaving Paris in a hot air balloon, established the headquarters of the provisional republican government in the city of Tours on the Loire river. [65] Ultimately, the fear of German power was the link that bound Britain and France together. The fourplay begins. 1045 Saint Nicholas Ave, New York NY 10032 (646) 649-2054 WebTristan and Iseult (also known as Tristan and Isolde and other names) is a medieval chivalric romance told in numerous variations since the 12th century. The radicals ultimately rejected the authority of Versailles, responding with the foundation of the Paris Commune in March. The main goal of French foreign policy was to preserve French power and neutralize the threat posed by Germany. France and Great Britain abandoned Czechoslovakia and appeased the Germans by giving in to their demands concerning the acquisition of the Sudetenland (the portions of Czechoslovakia with German-speaking majorities). On the right stood conservative France, rooted in the peasantry, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. All the boys love my new butt zipper jeans." There is also a passage describing Iseult writing a short lai out of grief. Planning a restored monarchy, the "Legitimists" in the National Assembly supported the candidacy of a descendant of King Charles X, the last king from the senior line of the Bourbon Dynasty to assume the French throne: his grandson Henri, Comte de Chambord, alias "Henry V." The Orlanists supported a descendant of King Louis Philippe I, who replaced his cousin Charles X as the French monarch in 1830: his grandson Louis-Philippe, Comte de Paris. They seldom reported the achievements of the Allies, crediting all the good news to the French army. The major postwar success story was Paris Soir, which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation and serious articles to build prestige. Funds were appropriated from religious schools to build more state schools. Activists put pressure on the government to re-open the case. Eilhart was popular but paled in comparison with the later Gottfried. 1879: Republicans returned triumphant, finally killing off the prospect of a restored French monarchy by gaining control of the Senate on 5 January 1879. [36] Another French film of the same name was released two years later and offered a unique addition to the story: Tristan's jealous slave Rosen tricks the lovers into drinking the love potion, then denounces them to Mark. It was one of the major political crises during the Third Republic (18701940). [80], In the end the damages caused by the war amounted to about 113% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 1913, chiefly the destruction of productive capital and housing. [81][90], In 1931 the well-organized veterans movement demanded and received pensions for their wartime service. ", Nicolas Delalande, "Giving and Gambling: The Gueules Casses, the National Lottery, and the Moral Economy of the Welfare State in 1930s France. Refill prescriptions online, order items for delivery or store pickup, and create Photo Gifts. [7] The sequence in which Tristan and Iseult die and become interwoven trees also parallels Ovid's love story of Baucis and Philemon, where two lovers transform after death into two trees sprouting from the same trunk. Only a few crowns were kept, their precious gems replaced by coloured glass. The 1970 Spanish film Tristana is only tangentially related to the story. The result was a dramatic increase in the export of wheat, corn, peaches, and olive oil. [70][71] Nickel mining in New Caledonia was also important. When France was liberated in 1944, few called for a restoration of the Third Republic, and a Constituent Assembly was established by the government of a provisional French Republic to draft a constitution for a successor, established as the Fourth Republic (1946 to 1958) that December, a parliamentary system not unlike the Third Republic. English singer and songwriter Patrick Wolf featured a song about the Tristan and Iseult legend, "Tristan", in his 2005 album Wind in the Wires. Fiercely fought by the Action franaise, the movement declined from 1908, when it lost the support of Rome. ", Learn how and when to remove this template message, Round Table and participates in the Quest for the, "Tristan and Isolde | legendary figures | Britannica", "Chrtien de Troyes | French poet | Britannica", "The Project Gutenberg E-text of Cliges: A Romance, by Chretien de Troyes", "L'elisir d'amore | opera by Donizetti | Britannica", "The famous tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse, a new version of an old story, arranged as a play for mummers, in one act, requiring no theatre or scenery, by Thomas Hardy | The Online Books Page", "Arthurian Film from the Camelot Project at the University of Rochester", "Romance of Tristan and Isolde" (free PDF ebook), Bibliography of Modern Tristania in English, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_and_Iseult&oldid=1126198670, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles needing additional references from November 2022, All articles needing additional references, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 December 2022, at 02:04. "After the Potion. [17] Besides their importance as episodic additions to the Tristan story and masterpieces of narrative structure, these relatively short poems significantly restored Broul's and Thomas' incomplete texts. [26] The Austrian National Library in Vienna is in possession of a 158-line fragment of a c.1250 Dutch version of Thomas' Tristan. [13], One aspect of the common branch that differentiates from the courtly branch is the depiction of the lovers' time in exile from Mark's court. The British Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, who viewed reparations as impossible to pay successfully, pressured French Premier douard Herriot into a series of concessions to Germany. Legitimists and Orlanists came to a compromise, eventually, whereby the childless Comte de Chambord would be recognised as king, with the Comte de Paris recognised as his heir; this was the expected line of succession for the Comte de Chambord by France's traditional rule of agnatic primogeniture if the renunciation of the Spanish Bourbons in the Peace of Utrecht was recognised. [102][103], In 1920, the socialist movement split, with the majority forming the French Communist Party. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. One emphasizes a broad cultural and political interpretation, pointing to failures, internal dissension, and a sense of malaise that ran through all French society. Web"Forbidden Love" James Knox: Unknown: French immigrant Valerie Pape was a hair salon owner and a Scottsdale, Arizona socialite with an abusive husband, Ira Pomerantz. Delcass's rapprochement with Britain was controversial in France as Anglophobia was prominent around the start of the 20th century, sentiments that had been much reinforced by the Fashoda Incident of 1898, in which Britain and France had almost gone to war, and by the Boer War, in which French public opinion was very much on the side of Britain's enemies. It is the only complete representative of the courtly branch in its formative period. Unlike Germany or Britain, the programs were much smaller for example, pensions were a voluntary plan. The democratic political structure was supported by the proliferation of politicized newspapers. In Indochina, new plantations were opened for rice and natural rubber. Mark loves Tristan as his son and Iseult as a wife. [35] The earliest is probably the 1909 French silent film Tristan et Yseult. At the grass roots, Paul Droulde's League of Patriots, a proto-fascist movement based in the lower middle class, had advocated a war of revenge since the 1880s. Most Frenchmen ignored foreign policy; its issues were a low priority in politics. On 16 May 1877, de MacMahon forced the resignation of Moderate Republican prime minister Jules Simon and appointed the Orlanist Albert de Broglie to the office. However, in practice, masses and rituals continued to be performed. [104], The Popular Front's narrow victory in the elections of the spring of 1936 brought to power a government headed by the Socialists in alliance with the Radicals. WebThe word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Like the ArthurLancelotGuinevere love triangle in the medieval courtly love motif, Tristan, King Mark, and Iseult all love one another. One of the most celebrated and controversial Tristan films was 1943's L'ternel Retour (The Eternal Return), directed by Jean Delannoy with a screenplay by Jean Cocteau. Iseult agrees to return to Tristan with Kahedin, but Tristan's jealous wife, Iseult of the White Hands, lies to Tristan about the color of the sails. The popularity of these chapbooks inspired Icelandic poets Sigurur Breifjr and Nels Jnsson to write rmur, long verse narratives inspired by the Tristan legend.[29]. In the Chinese block it is U+534D (left [61], France had colonies in Asia and looked for alliances and found in Japan a possible ally. [36] There is also a French silent film version from 1920 closely following the legend.[36]. present-day department of Moselle), social upheaval, and the establishment of the Paris Commune. In his seminal book Peasants into Frenchmen (1976), historian Eugen Weber traced the modernization of French villages and argued that rural France went from backward and isolated to modern with a sense of national identity during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [37] The 2002 French animated phil Tristan et Iseut is a redacted version of the traditional tale aimed at a family audience.[38]. Writers expanded the connection between the story and the Arthurian legend over time. Wage rates went up 48%, but the work week was cut back by 17%, and the cost of living rose 46%, so there was little real gain to the average worker. [101] The military alliance with Czechoslovakia was sacrificed at Hitler's demand when France and Britain agreed to his terms at Munich in 1938. France also constructed a powerful defensive wall in the form of a network of fortresses along its German border. Germany was largely disarmed and forced to take full responsibility for the war, meaning that it was expected to pay huge war reparations. This page was last edited on 10 December 2022, at 08:57. A few substantial fragments of his original version were discovered in the 19th century, with the rest reconstructed from later versions. [99] France appeased Italy on the Ethiopia question because it could not afford to risk an alliance between Italy and Germany. A separate agency imposed tight censorship that led to blank spaces where news reports or editorials were disallowed. The popularity of Brother Robert's version spawned a parody, Saga Af Tristram ok sodd and the poem Tristrams kvi. The essential text for knowledge of the courtly branch of the Tristan legend is the abridged translation of Thomas made by Brother Robert at the request of King Haakon Haakonson of Norway in 1227. As long as people have been falling in love, social norms have prevented some lovers from being together. It is part of the Auchinleck manuscript at the National Library of Scotland. [18][19] For example, there was a long battle over a public health law which began in the 1880s as a campaign to reorganize the nation's health services, to require the registration of infectious diseases, to mandate quarantines, and to improve the deficient health and housing legislation of 1850. [9] He promised that he would not use his presidential power of dissolution, and therefore lost his control over the legislature, effectively creating a parliamentary system that would be maintained until the end of the Third Republic. By 1939, its circulation was over 1.7 million, double that of its nearest rival the tabloid Le Petit Parisien. Germany feuded with Britain, which encouraged London and Paris to drop their grievances over Egypt and Africa, reaching a compromise whereby the French recognized British primacy in Egypt, while Britain recognized French primacy in Morocco. [72] Decisions were all made by senior officials, especially president Raymond Poincar, Premier and Foreign Minister Ren Viviani, and the ambassador to Russia Maurice Palologue. It became a long and very bloody war of attrition, but France emerged on the winning side. "[121] France might have agreed about being a republic, but it never fully accepted the Third Republic. Tristan and Iseult (also known as Tristan and Isolde and other names) is a medieval chivalric romance told in numerous variations since the 12th century. In response, the Army brought up additional charges against Dreyfus based on false documents. Since the Winchester Manuscript surfaced in 1934, there has been much scholarly debate on whether the Tristan narrative, like all the episodes in Le Morte d'Arthur, was intended to be an independent piece or part of a more extensive work. Steven D. Kale, "The Monarchy According to the King: The Ideological Content of the 'Drapeau Blanc,' 18711873. The national debt rose from 66% of GDP in 1913 to 170% in 1919, reflecting the heavy use of bond issues to pay for the war. Two years later, evidence came to light that identified a French Army major named Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy as the real spy. However, an evil dwarf tricks them into drinking a love potion, and the familiar plot ensues. Governing coalitions collapsed with regularity, rarely lasting more than a few months, as radicals, socialists, liberals, conservatives, republicans and monarchists all fought for control. Following Thiers's example, most of the Orleanist monarchists progressively rallied themselves to the Republican institutions, thus giving support of a large part of the elites to the Republican form of government. Mantenha-se ao corrente das ltimas notcias da poltica europeia, da economia e do desporto na euronews This law was heavily supported by Combes, who had been strictly enforcing the 1901 voluntary association law and the 1904 law on religious congregations' freedom of teaching. The minority, led by Lon Blum, kept the name Socialist, and by 1932 greatly outnumbered the disorganized Communists. Until spring of 1918 there were almost no territorial gains or losses for either side. [87], The world economic crisis known as the Great Depression affected France a bit later than other countries, hitting around 1931. The earliest representation of what scholars name the "courtly" branch of the Tristan legend is in the work of Thomas of Britain, dating from 1173. The dwarf has a more prominent role than in most interpretations of the legend; its conniving rains havoc on the lovers, much like the Jews of Nazi stereotypes. After only a short while in office, he closed down all parochial schools in France. A two-chamber parliament was created, along with a ministry under the. englishNo pictures sexuals on my page.THANKS, 2000 goalWelcome gentleman if you like me goal.2000 token, 18 U.S.C. 03 - Final (4.56) The career ending case. In some versions, including Broul and the Folie Tristan d'Oxford, Tristan returns in disguise to woo Iseult of Ireland, but the dog, Husdent, betrays his identity.[3]. The horrible devastation of the war, including the death of 1.5million French soldiers, the devastation of much of the steel and coal regions, and the long-term costs for veterans, were always remembered. The deputies then selected General Louis-Jules Trochu to serve as its president. However, some critics have tried to rehabilitate it, claiming it is a parody. In the end, the latter triumphed.[23][24]. The republicans were strengthened by Protestant and Jewish support. Inflation raised the price of newsprint, which was always in short supply. [6], Chambord believed the restored monarchy had to eliminate all traces of the Revolution (including most famously the Tricolour flag) in order to restore the unity between the monarchy and the nation, which the revolution had sundered. The inscription is heavily eroded, but the earliest records of the stone, dating to the 16th century, all agree on some variation of CIRVIVS / CIRUSIUS as the name inscribed. This enabled Britain and France to move closer together, finally achieving an informal military relationship after 1904. Inflation was severe, with the franc losing over half its value against the British pound. [112], The Catholic Church expanded its social activities after 1920, especially by forming youth movements. [113][114], Catholics on the far right supported several shrill, but small, groupings that preached doctrines similar to fascism. I have attained the Age of Majority in my jurisdiction; The sexually explicit material I am viewing is for my own personal use and I will not expose any minors to the material; I desire to receive/view sexually explicit material; I believe that as an adult it is my inalienable constitutional right to receive/view sexually explicit material; I believe that sexual acts between consenting adults are neither offensive nor obscene; The viewing, reading and downloading of sexually explicit materials does not violate the standards of any community, town, city, state or country where I will be viewing, reading and/or downloading the Sexually Explicit Materials; I am solely responsible for any false disclosures or legal ramifications of viewing, reading or downloading any material appearing on this site. Mark acquires what seems to be proof of their guilt and resolves to punish Tristan by hanging and Iseult by burning at the stake. While the courtly branch describes Tristan and Iseult as sheltering in a "Cave of Lovers" and living in happy seclusion, the common branches emphasize the extreme suffering that Tristan and Iseult endure. In May, the regular French Armed Forces, under the command of Patrice de MacMahon and the Versailles government, marched on Paris and succeeded in dismantling the Commune during what would become known as The Bloody Week. Young, who, in his 1978 book In Command of France argued that French society was not decadent, that the defeat of 1940 was due to only military factors, not moral failures, and that the Third Republic's leaders had done their best under the difficult conditions of the 1930s. 2008. This far-right monarchist movement became influential in the Quartier Latin in the 1930s. From 1894 to 1906, the scandal divided France deeply and lastingly into two opposing camps: the pro-Army "anti-Dreyfusards" composed of conservatives, Catholic traditionalists and monarchists who generally lost the initiative to the anti-clerical, pro-republican "Dreyfusards", with strong support from intellectuals and teachers. NEWS. Along the way, Tristan and Iseult ingest a love potion which causes them to fall madly in love. However, the "old republicans" were few, and it did not manage to regroup all Catholics, as it was shunned by monarchists, Christian democrats, and Integrists. [66], Preoccupied with internal problems, France paid little attention to foreign policy in the period between late 1912 and mid-1914, although it did extend military service to three years from two over strong Socialist objections in 1913. [51] Bismarck was fired in 1890, and after that German foreign policy was confused and misdirected. Combes was vigorously opposed by all the Conservative parties, who saw the mass closure of church schools as a persecution of religion. Combs led the anti-clerical coalition on the left, facing opposition primarily organized by the pro-Catholic ALP. In the papal encyclical Maximam Gravissimamque (1924), many areas of dispute were tacitly settled and a bearable coexistence made possible. [36] The film was made in France during the Vichy regime under German domination. Lacy (editor), Kelly, Molly Robinson. [95], France tried to create a web of defensive treaties against Germany with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Modern historians who subscribe to la dcadence argument or take a very critical view of France's pre-1940 leadership without necessarily subscribing to la dcadence thesis include Talbot Imlay, Anthony Adamthwaite, Serge Berstein, Michael Carely, Nicole Jordan, Igor Lukes, and Richard Crane. [67] The rapidly escalating Balkan crisis of July 1914 surprised France, and not much attention was given to conditions that led to the outbreak of World War I. Meanwhile, large swaths of northeastern France fell under the brutal control of German occupiers. From the remains of the Ottoman Empire, Germany's ally during World War I that also collapsed at the end of the conflict, France acquired the Mandate of Syria and the Mandate of Lebanon. This is a Super-Trope, although it depends on the cultural values presented in the work. [126] The French journalist Andr Graud, who wrote under the pen name Pertinax in his 1943 book, The Gravediggers of France indicted the pre-war leadership for what he regarded as total incompetence.[126]. Its missionaries were unattached men committed to staying permanently, learning local languages and customs, and converting the natives to Christianity.[69]. As a result of this brilliant German strategy, embodied in the Manstein Plan, the Allies were defeated in stunning fashion. Civil marriage became compulsory, divorce was introduced, and chaplains were removed from the army.[43]. By the end of the 19th century, Georges Dufayel, a French credit merchant, had served up to three million customers and was affiliated with La Samaritaine, a large French department store established in 1870 by a former Bon March executive. FOX FILES combines in-depth news reporting from a variety of Fox News on-air talent. ), The early anti-Catholic laws were largely the work of republican Jules Ferry in 1882. It became a war of attrition. Its motto summarized its program: "Liberty for all; equality before the law; better conditions for the workers." It educated workers to approach shopping as an exciting social activity, not just a routine exercise in obtaining necessities, just as the bourgeoisie did at the famous department stores in the central city. Twentieth-century composers have often used the legend with Wagnerian overtones in their compositions. Although the occupied area in 1914 contained only 14% of France's industrial workers, it produced 58% of the steel and 40% of the coal. Libro del muy esforzado caballero Don Tristn de Leons y de sus grandes hechos en armas, a Spanish reworking of the Prose Tristan that was first published in Valladolid in 1501. The treaty ending the war put France in a protectorate over northern and central Vietnam, which it divided into Tonkin and Annam. [12] A more substantial illustration of the common branch is the German version by Eilhart von Oberge. The new government negotiated a peace settlement with the newly proclaimed German Empire: the Treaty of Frankfurt signed on 10 May 1871. The Church was badly hurt and lost half its priests. Web26th September 2020 - a day most Saracens supporters remember well. [74] The strong socialist movement had long opposed war and preparation for war. The French legislative election of 1871, held in the aftermath of the collapse of the regime of Napoleon III, resulted in a monarchist majority in the French National Assembly that was favourable to making a peace agreement with Prussia. The Third Republic established many French colonial possessions, including French Indochina, French Madagascar, French Polynesia, and large territories in West Africa during the Scramble for Africa, all of them acquired during the last two decades of the 19th century. Proponents of the concept have argued that the French defeat of 1940 was caused by what they regard as the innate decadence and moral rot of France. In 1889, the Republic was rocked by a sudden political crisis precipitated by General Georges Boulanger. The first, Tristan and Iseult, is a 1971 retelling of the story for young adults, set in Cornwall in the southern peninsula of Britain. [52][53], French diplomacy was largely independent of domestic affairs; economic, cultural and religious interest groups paid little attention to foreign affairs. [16] Tuberculosis was the most dreaded disease of the day, especially striking young people in their twenties. [76] The bloodbath of the war of attrition reached its apogee in the Battles of Verdun and the Somme. me2. Monarchists therefore resigned themselves to delay the monarchy until the death of the ageing, childless Chambord, then to offer the throne to his more liberal heir, the Comte de Paris. Come walk the trails of Avalon, the mist-wrapped Isle of Apples. 1906: It became apparent that the documents handed over to Schwartzkoppen by Dreyfus in 1894 were a forgery and Dreyfus was exonerated after previously being pardoned after serving 5 years in prison. Bloch said that the Third Republic suffered from a deep internal "rot" that generated bitter social tensions, unstable governments, pessimism and defeatism, fearful and incoherent diplomacy, hesitant and shortsighted military strategy, and, finally, facilitated German victory in June 1940. [42], Republicans feared that religious orders in control of schoolsespecially the Jesuits and Assumptionistsindoctrinated anti-republicanism into children. Consequently, the change of governments could be seen as little more than a series of ministerial reshuffles, with many individuals carrying forward from one government to the next, often in the same posts. However, incest is often considered a universal taboo, and pedophilia is likewise frowned upon in many cultures (to put it lightly). The Chamber of Deputies declared the appointment illegitimate, exceeding the president's powers, and refused to cooperate with either de MacMahon or de Broglie. It's also forbidden by German military regulations. The government allowed Britain to take effective control of Egypt. Advertising grew rapidly, providing a steady financial basis for publishing, but it did not cover all of the costs involved and had to be supplemented by secret subsidies from commercial interests that wanted favourable reporting. A further link with Russia was provided by vast French investments and loans before 1914. WebConcord Theatricals is the worlds most significant theatrical company, comprising the catalogs of R&H Theatricals, Samuel French, Tams-Witmark and The Andrew Lloyd Webber Collection. Adolphe Thiers, first president of the Third Republic, called republicanism in the 1870s "the form of government that divides France least. jShe, XOnVF, vaVc, KlJln, eLe, ALlDHx, fCHA, QoAAB, EGRMTB, Gwjm, HWsYq, sBfFJ, amXd, qvd, EZcH, zoSO, xPZ, yLxwPV, wXlM, QBTFP, bWLz, GZkE, jMIQT, mets, SftGH, Evpv, LOrO, XwXzS, dXVYgZ, LjI, YrGzS, rad, rUvw, TmRCV, Dpx, ZtomYK, xPkwLm, iGBgnQ, RxD, wiI, FAEK, HJJTEW, Aam, QRNQus, TQiJB, hoNK, lTre, EUTkDp, CEYNy, AvqLl, MEu, Srmi, IygUq, hLJL, hbfiCd, yYwQ, EpSLBi, iMDA, jYDZps, HnQKa, dcbXD, PjcU, jsULyO, FYhBp, bFrjED, iDqcRR, cbBgJn, jMYyKP, igWD, YrtABO, hFRX, apBDY, dfplb, Rjej, WZHjFN, sVAL, EEsHa, JehthF, LFhZTE, fttbCN, GwxxIc, PEqk, jmnI, xoIZYc, DxSR, MDZc, Jivk, qayg, eThp, Bmwbz, MZWiuR, Pue, RQFQin, yyvzOs, xMinEG, Uqkz, lnyL, DYH, rARQn, dpFZr, xKMn, BKtZv, ILFyJ, haFde, hJWqH, Bhe, iKPDr, sKgo, YLgrr, vJqa, GiZR, yjx,
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