( 3933), [2] . Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. al-Tabaraani in al-Kabeer and al-Awsat. This is why our (Hanafi) scholars have declared the calling of Adhan for women as Makruh, as she will need to raise her voice, which is not permissible. (Ahkam al-Quran, 5/229). should be moved with lust. (Surah al-Ahzab: 32). . 1/755. by shaking hands with her; rather he (peace and blessings of Allaah be Can I Participate in a Bouquet Toss at a Wedding? I said, Should he shake hands with Not with intention of enticing that man into doing something haraam / , . Narrated by al-Nasaai As far as the female voice is concerned, according to the preferred opinion in the Hanafi School, it is not considered to be part of her nakedness (awra). Narrated by al-Tabaraani in al-Kabeer, 486. Filter By category . which the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, I But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. N . ( ) . . It appears "Insha'Allah" should not be added because a person intends to breach the promise. As such, when the need arises to talk, both the content and manner of conversation must be appropriate and free of anything enticing. We bear no responsibility to any party who may or may not act on this answer and is being hereby exempted from loss or damage howsoever caused. Can a Masjid Commitee Enforce Dress Code as a Requirement To Enter the Masjid? Assalamu'alaykum Lovalila Alila coba jawab ya pertanyaan diatas "bagaimana cara menolak berjabat tangan yang baik kepada bukan mahram da. This is why our (Hanafi) scholars have declared the calling of Adhan for women as Makruh, as she will need to raise her voice, which is not permissible." (Ahkam al-Qur'an, 5/229) The ruling regarding the voice of a woman. They are not allowed to recite theTalbiyah (Labbaik..) aloud during Hajj. It is not permissible to He should therefore add "Insha'Allah" to every promise. Even if he lives, he still cannot be certain whether he will be able to conclude the intended act. Umrah without mahram is prohibited under Islamic rules. July 11, 2018 Shaking hands with Non Mahram women. This matter is based on the prohibition of a man and a woman in tandem. The words of Aaishah, And some of them said that he did not shake hands All rights reserved to, Sunday, December 11, 2022 - 17 Jumada al-Ula 1444. What about Smoking, watching Haram, listening music Assimalhake 16,216 views Sep 20, 2020 658 Dislike Share Save assimalhakeem 581K subscribers Access. Afterward, she moved to Amman, Jordan where she studied fiqh, Arabic, and other sciences. It is not permissible for a man who believes in Allaah and However if one needs to listen to the news and his intention is pure, then he may listen to it, with the condition that there is no fear of Fitna or lust and no incitement in her voice. Therefore, your non-Muslim uncle is your maram. upon him) used to shake hands with women from beneath a garment.. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. immorality. Nov 24. there is no necessity that would allow it. In Islam, interactions between the sexes are permitted within certain limits specified by the Quran and the Sunna. Home Shafi'i Fiqh Seekersguidance.org Giving Salams to Non-Mahrams. You are not like any other women. If it is the case of necessity, In the Hanafi Madhhab, a woman can travel in the company of a murahiq, that is, her male mahram who is twelve years old and close to puberty." The book Qadi-Khan states, "A woman can travel with a group of pious male Muslims." [It is permissible to act on either of these two statements when there is an extreme necessity.] This ruling is founded on what was reported by Al-Bukhari and others from Ibn `Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) that Allah's Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "A . And when you ask [his wives] for something, ask them from behind a partition. considered this Hadith as evidence that a woman may travel for Hajj without a Mahram if the journey is safe. How to Deal with an Overprotective and Meddling Father? for him or who is not one of his mahrams. This view is supported by the following: O wives of the Prophet! Al Bukhari placed this hadith in a chapter which he entitled On [the permissibility] of a woman serving [food and drink to] men at her own wedding. given your oath of allegiance.. If it is something necessary for example: directions to a place . touched any woman with his hand. Except, there is his mahram between those women, such as his wife or his sister. allowed at all, because of the general meaning of the hadeeth, according to What would constitute necessity? Is the Wife Still Entitled to Accommodation After Divorce? The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". [5] : . The ruling regarding the voice of a woman will be based on whether her voice is part of her Awra or not. to do that because it is the case of necessity. Al-Khaadimi from the Hanafi School of Fiqh, said in his book Bareeqah Mahmoodiyyah , " Speaking to a non-Mahram girl is not permissible without a need, because it is believed that this would lead to temptation. of allegiance implied, and when she accepted, he would say Go, for you have Allah Ta la, the Creator, being fully aware of the propensities of all things he has created, commands that women exercise hijab on their voices as well, even when there is a need to speak, they should not speak to men in soft and tender tones. 247743. Such a person can escort a woman or women of his family for Umrah. Is this justified? Imam Ahmad was asked about a man who shakes hands with a woman. him to do so. ( MaarifulQuraan by Mufti Shafi Usmani 6/417). Muslim jurists stated that it is impermissible to talk with a young non-Mahram woman so as to avoid potential Fitnah (temptation). dipped their hands in it. Takhreej Ahaadeeth al-Hidaayah, 2/225). Muslim women participated with men in public life while observing Islamic decorum. al-Albaani said in Saheeh al-Jaami, 5045, that this hadeeth is (Bada'i al-Sana'i, 2/1230). In modern-day Iran, using the two words ( 'awrah and za'ifah) to refer to women is uncommon and is considered sexist language. shaking hands with them, as well as by words, and this is how it was. I have accepted your oath of allegiance verbally., It was narrated from This is a reality which cannot be denied. Yes, you are a Mahram (non-stranger) to your stepdaughters. [Qur'an 33: 53] 2021 Copyright Darul Iftaa Trinidad All rights are reserved. It is not permissible to One should generally avoid talking with a nin-mahram woman, unless it is unavailable or with good intention (eg asking a scholar, helping someone in need). in al-Awsat, 2855. Ustadha Shazia Ahmad lived in Damascus, Syria for two years where she studied aqidah, fiqh, tajweed, tafseer, and Arabic. Is it permissible for a female to teach males the science of Qur`anic recitations and its related topics such as the [variant]recitations, Qur`anic orthography and classical religious books since there are no males specialized in this science in our area? Ibn Batal said in his explanation of Bukhari's collection of authentic hadith: "Separating between men and women [when they are in the same place and in direct interactions] is not obligatory for Muslim women in general but was specific to the wives of the Prophet; Allah says: Abu Bakr used to shake hands with old women, it is also ghareeb., (al-Diraayah fi They live in two different countries. This was to prevent any softness or incitement in their voices. is it allowed to talking to a non mahram because of your work without any sexual intention or any evil thoughts i'm a tennis player i play tennis in a academy when i'm playing i don't talk to girls by myself they start conversation by calling me you know because they are open minded they don't care about what they are wearing they wear revealing Allaah, that they will not steal, that they will not commit illegal sexual allegiance. No, by Allaah, the hand of the Messenger of Allaah (peace Would that make a difference, or is it not permissible according to Hanafi school of thought? Log in, Join our e-mail list for regular site news and updates, All Rights Reserved for Islam Q&A 1997-2022. When a woman sings or raises her voice in a melodious seducing way, it then becomes part of her Awra which must be concealed from GhairMahram men. mentioned that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) upon him) used to accept their oath of allegiance by words only. According In Islam, a mahram is one with whom marriage is haram or not permissible. was said that Umar (may Allaah be pleased with him) shook hands with them called for a vessel of water and dipped his hand in it, then the women medical treatment, removing a tooth or treating the eyes, etc., if touching is stronger than the prohibition on looking, and it is haraam when not do that despite the fact that he was infallible and beyond suspicion, However, what is not permissible is that they stretch, soften and raise their voice in a melodious way. (Radd al-Muhtar, 1/406), According to the majority of the scholars, a womans voice is not part of her Awra .., but it is unlawful (haram) to listen to the voice of a female which is in a melodious and musical tone, even if it is by reciting Quran, because of the fear of fitna. (1/755)[5], . Validity of Salah in womens section outside the boundries of the Masjid. No, and was emphatic that it is haraam. Answer: Casual talk with non mehram In the name of Allah, We praise Him, seek His help and ask for His forgiveness. courtesy ofIslamOnline.net. She then attended the University of Texas at Austin, where she completed her Masters in Arabic. Browse . So how about men other than the Prophet . There are a lot of pleasantries involved or flirtation which is frankly unnecessary. Communicating with Non-mahrams Islam faces many false claims regarding communication between men and women who are not mahram ( also referred to as mehram) to each other. Thus, Allah has made some acts which are beloved to man, like eating, drinking and fulfilling ones desires, Haraam. My mother is unsure if she was divorced or not? (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: When the believing women CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. a man to touch a womans face or hands even if there is no risk of desire And it The Hanafi jurists, however, pointed out that . Ibn Humam rahimahullah, has included the voice in satr on the basis of statements in Nawazil. hand of any woman. What is the truth to this? he did so without taking their hands or shaking hands with them. * According to Shafiis, if a man touches a non-mahram woman, his wudu is invalidated. e.g. ( ) [ ] . with them from behind a barrier and had a Qatari cloak over his hand. Maqal ibn Yassaar that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be Rather they should clap the fingers of the right hand on the back of the left hand. This means that a male may listen to the voice of a female if he needs to; however, if there is a fear of Fitna, then the female should not raise it and the male should avoid listening to it. And let them not stamp their feet so as to reveal what they hide of their adornment. (Surah an-Noor: 31) : Is womens voice included in their Awra per se, and is causing it to be heard by non-Mahrams prohibited? Question: Is it okay for a female to talk to a non-mahram male online, not work or school-related talks, just about everyday life, e.g. Evidence from the sunna However, it is established by hadith that the wives of the Holy Prophet used to talk to non-Mahrams from behind the curtain even after the revelation of injunction of Hijaab. that this (i.e., shaking hands with women from behind a barrier) is not lead to evil. May we all follow his great example and take him as our ultimate role model. Source: The fuqaha' among our companions and others said that it is haraam to touch a non-mahram woman even if that is not touching parts of her body that are not 'awrah, such as her face. Checked and Approved by Shaykh Faraz Rabbani. Please see this excellent article about all the etiquettes, rulings, and habits concerning the salam: Women read the news. sufficient to deter and to instill the obedience required of us by Allaah, But they differed with regard to looking when there is no desire and no fear of fitnah. . When he had taken their oath of allegiance he would say, migrated to the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be Ustadha Shazia Ahmad lived in Damascus, Syria for two years where she studied aqidah, fiqh, tajweed, tafseer, and Arabic. She then attended the University of Texas at Austin, where she completed her Masters in Arabic. did not touch women. saheeh. Being alone with a non-Mahram of the opposite sex in a room or place where a third person is not easily able to enter upon them, or it is not usually accessible to others is forbidden and hence must be avoided. You are not like any other women. None of these reports are sound, especially the last one, How It says in the Reliance of the Traveller. (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him)? then it is even more essential that others heed this prohibition. touch the hand of any woman apart from his wives and concubines, whether in We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. I would like a detailed answer on the ruling on a man shaking hands with a woman, and the views of the four imams and the majority of scholars on that. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of cookies. best of mankind, the leader of the sons of Adam on the Day of Resurrection, The Bible, Quran, and Science By Maurice Bucaille, , Copy rights 2022 . Answer: In the name [] . Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. However, if wetness called madi comes out as a result of touching due to excitement, wudu is invalidated. A Mahram (Arabic ) is a man who must accompany a woman on the journey for Hajj or Umrah. The latter-day Hanafi Fuqaha[3] (and Imam Shafi rahimhullah[4]) have stated that a womans voice is not part of her Awra, provided that there is no fear of Fitna (temptation). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Is a non-mahram females voice meant not to be heard by males? Can a Husband Place His Private Parts Between His Wifes Breasts? Zelabaya, much like the Pakistani and Indian jalebi, maqrood, which is made out of semolina and dates, and other donut-like sweets dipped in honey are desserts eaten only in Ramadhaan or other special occasions, such as Eid, Amr said. ", Reproach For Not Adding "In Sha' Allah" When Making a Promise. 3696, ( ) , ( ) ( ) . The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Muslims have always maintained that the mere presence of women in the same place as men is not prohibited in itself. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Afterward, she moved to Amman, Jordan where she studied fiqh, Arabic, and other sciences. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". 768-769]. However, the conversation may steer toward what is reprehensible or forbidden. Neither Azan nor Iqamah has been ordered for them; a woman cannot be a Muazzin. : . Allaah be upon him) said to them: Go, for you have given your oath of We tend to talk too much and talk about things that are not important or things we don't care about when we talk to the opposite sex. People of high rank are rebuked even for things that seem minor. - moinudin Mar 18, 2020 at 9:45 women agreed to that, the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of The jurists differ on this issue. to another report, His hand never touched the hand of a woman, rather he Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This is the reason why Allah Ta la commanded the wives of our beloved Nabi especially, and all Muslim women in general, to abstain from conversing with non-Mahram men in a soft and attracting tone. was originally given by hand. favoured the view that it is prohibited, and gave the reason that touching The question: Is it proven in the glorious Qur'an or the Sunnah that shaking hands with women is totally prohibited in social and family relationships when there is trust and there is no fear of temptation? However, certain rules are universal. . The prohibition only concerns the manner of mixing when it contradicts the guidelines of Islamic law such as men and women exposing those parts of their bodies which must remain covered, males and females gathering for an unlawful purpose or an unlawful seclusion between the sexes [being alone together in a place where no one could have access to them] or touching. Create an account, If you do not have an account, you can click the button below to create one, Create new account In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. The ruling Women are not permitted to rectify the Imams error by loudly reciting Subhanallah as men are ordered to do. do not shake hands with women; and so as to ward off the means that may When there is a need to speak to a non-Mahram woman (example & vice versa), the basic principle is that it is appropriate, but attention must be given to the following etiquette: The discussion should be restricted to only what is required and has to do with the matter at hand, without talking too much or branching off into other subjects. Any or all links provided in our emails, answers and articles are restricted to the specific material being cited. shake hands even with a barrier in between, such as shaking hands from The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) and his Companions talked to non-mahram (person to whom marriage is permissible) women and Muslim men used to go to the Prophet's wives and . Rules as to when one can travel alone without a Mahram are different in different countries. The scholars tend to advise against it because even though there be no intention of list, it can unintentionally lead to zina. Women teaching men In the light of this explanation many jurists have drawn the conclusion that if making the adornments sound heard is prohibited, then to cause a womens own voice to be heard would be prohibited even more strongly (as there is stronger fitnah in this). Among the Fuqaha there is a difference of opinion regarding a womans voice being part of her Awra or not. The month of Ramadhan is not like any other month; its purpose is to rid man of those habits which he has accumulated throughout the rest of the year. beneath a garment and the like. : 8 /43 , 19 / 193 , 9 / 219 , 8 / 40. Speaking to non-mahram women may occur because of a need or it may occur needlessly. Search. This answer was collected from Seekersguidance.org. As for speaking and interacting with a Ghair-Mahram, we must refrain from this as much as possible and must only be done when necessary. Mufti Shafi Usmani mentions in his famous Maariful Quraan under the commentary of the Ayah: And let them not stamp their feet so as to reveal what they hide of their adornment. (Surah an-Noor: 31), Based on the aforementioned and also bearing in mind the extreme levels of Fitna prevalent in these times, and knowing that the female presenters on-air try to exhibit their voices in a most enchanting manner, it is better to refrain from listening to these women. Anas narrated: " The Prophet prayed in the house of Umm Sulaym and I along with an orphan stood behind him while Umm Sulaym (stood) behind us. https://seekersguidance.org/articles/prophetic-guidance/forgotten-sunnas-greetings-peace/. are daeef (weak). And it is a month in which an account of the deeds (of human beings) is presented before the Lord of the universe, so, I wish that my deeds be presented at a time when I am in a state of fasting. 1) What is woman's satr (area of body to be covered) in front of: a) non-mahram guys b) Muslim women and mahram guys c) non-muslims women? Whoever does that has wronged Fatwa-TT.com provides a reliable fatwa service to the Muslim community related to all aspects of a Muslims life including: Worship,business transactions, marriage, divorce, inheritance etc. : . The Islamic perspective of Corona Virus and useful guidelines. Narrated by al-Tabaraani Log in. This will fall under the principle . A maram is anyone who a Muslim lady cannot marry. However if one needs to listen to the news and his intention is pure, then he may listen to it, with the condition that there is no fear of Fitna or lust and no incitement in her voice. . 1. I have been told conflicting information: one side says to give salams to all Muslims and the other says that, as a woman, Im only to greet women and unmarriageable (mahram) men. This was mentioned in the books of Sunna as well as the fact that later generations of women delivered religious knowledge and men reported hadiths from them. blessings of Allaah be upon him) never accepted a womans oath of allegiance is it permissible to make nafl tawaaf during umrah? Views : And let them not stamp their feet so as to reveal what they hide of their adornment. (Surah an-Noor: 31). You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Should this be listened to? Is My Stepmother's Sister from My Unmarriageable Kin (Mahram)? body that are not awrah, such as her face. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. from the texts that he refrained from doing that because it was haraam for Shaykh Whoever Allah guides none can misguide, and whoever He allows to fall astray, none can guide them aright. If man can control these desires in this month, which are usually permissible for him, then he can surely control himself from other desires which are not permissible throughout the remaining months. that he should touch a woman who is not permissible for him.. So, for a lady to travel alone for Umrah from UK (and elsewhere in the world), she need to be at least 45years of age. 3) Sayyiduna Abu Huraira (Allah be pleased with him) narrates that the Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him & give him peace) said: "It is unlawful for a woman who believes in Allah and the last day that she travels the distance of one day and one night without a Mahram accompanying her." (Sahih al-Bukhari, no. Being the best of creation, Rasulullah was chided by Allah even for omittin a non-obligatory act. " [Al-Bukhari and Muslim] We specialise in stocking authentic Islamic literature in the Arabic, English and Urdu language. She replied: "Your brother, Abu al Dard'a, has no worldly desires" Commenting on this hadith, Ibn Hajar said: "This hadith includes some benefits the permissibility of talking to non-mahram women and asking about that which concerns their life." Women teaching men The Prophet's [pbuh] wives used to teach Islamic law and spread religion. A man may not stay with a woman who is not his mahram in tandem. blessings of Allaah be upon him) only took the oath of allegiance from the the case of accepting the oath of allegiance or in other cases. Contents [ hide] 1 Mahram Through Blood 2 Mahram Through Marriage 3 Mahram Through Fosterage 4 Women Over the Age of 45 Sahl ibn Sa'd al Sa'idy, may Allah be pleased with him, said: "Abu Usayd invited the Prophet [pbuh] and his Companions to his wedding feast and his wife, Um Usayd, served them food and drink herself" [Related by al-Bukhari and Muslim]. (Hadith recorded by Darqutni in his Sunan with an authentic chain of narrators). It was narrated that Maqil ibn Yassaar said: the Messenger All courses are free. TALKING TO NON-MAHRAM IN ISLAM - YASMIN MOGAHED #Shorts #Relationship#YasminMogahed #Relationship #Nikah #IslamicWedding #Muslim#Islam #MuslimMarriage #Nonma. Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) never touched the He said, No. : : : . : . However, there is a divine wisdom underpinning the limits set down by the Shariah. It depends on the situation. Darul Iftaa, Jaamia Madinatul Uloom (Trinidad), [1] : : , , . Prophet Muhammad, Sall-Allahu alayhi wa sallam, replied: "That (Sha'ban) is a month between Rajab and Ramadan which is neglected by many people. Prayer mats with pictures of the Haramain, Feeding others on Aashuraa and Aashuraa gifts, Necessity of Sawm if Haidh Ends Right Before Subhus Sdiq. . Does touching non mahram break wudu? Some females from among the Companions of the Prophet [pbuh] were even in charge of looking after the morality of the city. With him, the woman is not obliged to cover her head or body with a hijab or tunic. When can a non mahram womans voice be listened to? We use cookies on IslamQA to measure visitor stats. : . These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Because of this theAzaan by women is regarded Makroof by the Hanafi School. 128. : . Abu Juhaifa, may Allah be pleased with him, said: "The Prophet [pbuh] established a bond of brotherhood between Salman and abu al Dard'a. . Uncategorized; Books By Ammaar Saeed; IslamQA Urdu; Namaz Ke Masail; Ghar Ke Masail; Quran Dua Wazifa; Hajj Ke M Ustadh Abdullah Misra mentions, A young un-related woman and a man do not have to reply to the others salams out loud (many scholars say they actually shouldnt salam in the first place if they are only addressing each other without necessity, as a way to prevent unnecessary interaction). Just another WordPress site. : () . Aaishah mentioned was the custom. With regard to the views : . I testify that there is none worthy of worship except Allah, and that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger. indicates that the bayah of men was accepted by taking their hands and The ruling regarding the voice of a woman will be based on whether her voice is part of her Awra or not. and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said, I do not shake hands with Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) never Question: What are the rules and practices around a woman giving salaams to a non-mahram man? Based on the aforementioned and also bearing in mind the extreme levels of Fitna prevalent in these times, and knowing that the female presenters on-air try to exhibit their voices in a most enchanting manner, it is better to refrain from listening to these women. The Prophet's [pbuh] wives used to teach Islamic law and spread religion. (Jassas). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The classical Hanafi view is that it, Allah Ta la says: , Putting something in the jewellery or adornment so that it produces a sound, or making of sounds by the knocking of adornments with each other, or putting the feet on the ground in such a manner that the adornments make a sound, and the non-Mahrams listen to these sounds; they are all prohibited under the provision of this verse. Umar bin Khattab (Allah be pleased with him) narrates from the Prophet (peace be upon him) that he said: "A man does not be alone . It was narrated from should be moved with lust. (Surah al-Ahzab: 32). Hadhrut Aa-ishah [radhiallaahu anhu] relates that the Nabiy once inquired from her: `Are you aware of the virtue of this night, (meaning the middle night of Sha-baan)? She asked: `What is the significance O Rasool of Allaah? He then said: `It is on this night that each one of the sons of Aadam who shall be born is determined, and each one of the sons of Aadam to die that year is fixed. Praise be to Allah. How Is a Piece of Land Gifted Under Sharia Law? because it is haraam in principle and there is no necessity that would allow 1/99. Charging an Enrollment Fee To Participate in a Quran Competition. The only explanation for the amount of utterly braindead takes on MT regarding women is that those bros didn't grow up with sisters, the way they talk about them like some kind of theoretical construct. What The hadeeth that was narrated allowing that She replied: "Your brother, Abu al Dard'a, has no worldly desires" How to Graciously Walk Away from a Girl I Was Getting to Know for Marriage? He would explain to the woman what the oath Women are not permitted to recite Quraan audibly in Salah. @LN_enjoyer. permissible for him to put his hand on hers without a barrier. According to the above, we can see that a man or woman should not be greeting the opposite gender if they are not related to them. This view is supported by many proofs, among them the following: Allah Ta la mentions the condition for prohibition as: (do not be soft in speech, lest he in whose heart is a disease should be moved with lust.) looking when there is no desire and no fear of fitnah. (Awra is that part of a female that must be concealed from Ghair Mahram men). Using wisdom Abu Abd-Allaah i.e., This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Allah Ta'ala commands them to abstain from conversing with non-Mahram men in a soft and sweet tone. 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