Il est probable qu'elles aient dtect depuis longtemps notre propre civilisation, hypothse qui peut permettre de rpondre la question que se posait Enrico Fermi lorsqu'il a formul son paradoxe savoir: O sont-ils? [24][25] In such a case, the total mass would not be constrained by the Chandrasekhar limit. Une civilisation dite de type I est capable de collecter et d'utiliser l'intgralit de la puissance captable sur sa plante, soit l'quivalent thorique de 1016watts. Une telle intervention sur la composition d'une toile serait dtectable[93]. La croissance de la consommation nergtique devrait crer une crise climatique qu'Yvan Dutil et Stphane Dumas fixent 1W/m2 de terre ou 127TW pour la plante au complet. [6] For example, evidence for a pulsating star is found in its shifting spectrum because its surface periodically moves toward and away from us, with the same frequency as its changing brightness. L'expansion humaine tant exponentielle, nous pouvons dterminer combien de temps il faudra pour que l'humanit passe du type II au type III selon Michio Kaku[38]. The most massive exoplanet listed on the NASA Exoplanet Archive is HR 2562 b,[9][10][11] about 30 times the mass of Jupiter. She is a female Earth pony resident of Maretime Bay who dreams of making the world a better place and bringing magic and harmony back to Equestria after it disappeared a long time ago. The surface of the star is not uniformly bright, but has darker and brighter areas (like the sun's solar spots). Avec une grande antenne, elle serait issue d'un type 0,66. , un taux d'accroissement. One of the most studied supernovae of this type is SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Il a galement envisag de dtecter une source artificielle en mettant en vidence la raie spectrale de l'hydrogne, dans son utilisation des fins de fusion nuclaire[84]. If Venus lost its water ocean due to a runaway greenhouse effect, it is likely to have had a higher rotation rate in the past. Enfin, l'existence de donnes suspectes dans les autres rgions du spectre (comme la polarisation circulaire, les frquences radio et optiques[99] ou encore les missions de rayons X) peuvent confirmer qu'il s'agit d'une transmission intelligente. [45], TypeIa supernovae have a characteristic light curve, their graph of luminosity as a function of time after the explosion. The extremely energetic neutrinos fragment some nuclei; some of their energy is consumed in releasing nucleons, including neutrons, and some of their energy is transformed into heat and kinetic energy, thus augmenting the shock wave started by rebound of some of the infalling material from the collapse of the core. It is known that the core collapse produces a massive surge of neutrinos, as observed with supernova SN 1987A. [37], Unlike the other types of supernovae, TypeIa supernovae generally occur in all types of galaxies, including ellipticals. After a star has burned out its fuel supply, its remnants can take one of three forms, depending on the mass during its lifetime. [191] Eccentric planets further out than the habitable zone would still have frozen surfaces but the tidal heating could create a subsurface ocean similar to Europa's. [9] However, while helium was isolated on earth soon after its discovery in the spectrum of the sun, nebulium was not. Because of the rapid rotation, brightness variations are extremely fast, from milliseconds to a few seconds. Stars with ellipsoidal shapes may also show changes in brightness as they present varying areas of their surfaces to the observer. Others looked very different. [citation needed] The more massive RS Canum Venaticorum variables (RS CVn) are also known to flare, but it is understood that these flares are induced by a companion star in a binary system which causes the magnetic field to become tangled. WebPulsating stars swell and shrink, affecting their brightness and spectrum. The failure to detect "star-planet interactions" in the well-studied HD 189733 system calls other related claims of the effect into question. L'existence de telles supercivilisations est rendue possible par le fait que la vie sur Terre est rcente au regard de l'ge de l'Univers (8109annes avant la formation du Systme solaire). En recherchant des objets opacifiant 90% de la lumire, alors il ne reste plus qu'une seule source rpondant aux critres[146]. The restoring force to create the contraction phase of a pulsation can be pressure if the pulsation occurs in a non-degenerate layer deep inside a star, and this is called an acoustic or pressure mode of pulsation, abbreviated to p-mode. This makes the gas more transparent, and thus makes it easier for the star to radiate its energy. For episodes 130 to 154, the opening theme is "Road to However, later analysis revealed that the circumstellar material is too massive for the single-degenerate scenario, and fits better the core-degenerate scenario. En 1973, Carl Sagan fait dcouvrir les travaux de Kardachev sur la classification des civilisations[40]. Examples of types within these divisions are given below. Stars may also pulsate in a harmonic or overtone which is a higher frequency, corresponding to a shorter period. L'astronome John Barrow de l'universit du Sussex a fait l'hypothse que d'autres stades existent au-del du type III. [18] The hot young stars dissipate these globules, as the radiation from the stars powering the HII region drives the material away. Le principe entropique permet galement de prvoir les caractristiques sociologiques aux fondements de toute civilisation[118]. The first to be observed was HD 209458 b in 2001. Mid-sized stars are red giants during two different phases of their post-main-sequence evolution: red-giant-branch stars, with inert cores made of helium and hydrogen-burning shells, and asymptotic-giant-branch stars, with inert cores made of carbon and helium-burning shells inside the hydrogen-burning shells. Deux sources parmi celles tudies comportent des paramtres proches de ceux attendus: 1934-63 et 3C 273B[100]. La durabilit d'une civilisation doit donc passer par un strict contrle de l'exploitation des ressources disponibles; cette difficult dpasser les limites nergtiques peut expliquer le fait que la grande majorit des civilisations chouent s'engager dans un projet de colonisation spatiale[71]. Pour L. M. Gindilis, il existe deux critres pour qu'un signal soit dit artificiel: l'un li la nature artificielle de la source et l'autre li un rayonnement particulier, intentionnellement conu pour assurer la communication et simplifier la dtection[101]. A main sequence star supported by thermal pressure can expand and cool which automatically regulates the increase in thermal energy. This rare event, caused by pair-instability, leaves behind no black hole remnant. [61] In 1999, Upsilon Andromedae became the first main-sequence star known to have multiple planets. [2][3], There are many methods of detecting exoplanets. The Exoplanet Data Explorer includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory: "The 13 Jupiter-mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores, and observationally problematic due to the sin i ambiguity. L'astronome sovitique rappelle que nous recherchons ces supercivilisations sur la base de nos propres critres de dveloppement et les prdictions ne sont possibles que pour des mondes extraterrestres proches de notre niveau technologique, les autres tant hors de notre reprsentation intellectuelle. Kardachev analyse par la suite plusieurs modles et hypothses d'volution de civilisation. Kardachev conclut en prdisant que la recherche de civilisations extraterrestres allait conduire des rsultats positifs au cours de la dcennie suivante, et par l donner l'humanit l'accs un vaste ensemble d'informations sur l'Univers et son volution sur une dure de plusieurs milliards d'annes[Note 5],[19]. Les rsultats donnent lieu un article, A passive SETI in globular clusters at the hydroxyl and water lines, publi dans la revue Icarus en 1980[136]. Kardachev mentionne une autre hypothse intressante selon lui, capable d'expliquer la dynamique des supercivilisations: l'effet feedback (feedback effect, thoris par Sebastian von Hoerner en 1975[32]) qui part de l'hypothse qu' haut niveau technologique les civilisations ont tendance se runir plutt qu' s'isoler. [3] Filamentary structures are truly ubiquitous in the molecular cloud. abnormal emission or absorption lines may be indication of a hot stellar atmosphere, or gas clouds surrounding the star. Sur ce sujet Kardachev a dj ralis une tude: Optimal wavelength region for communication with extraterrestrial intelligence: = 1.5 mm, Quatterly of the Journal of Royal Astronomical Society, Macro-Engineering Water Science and Technology Library, Journal of British Interplanetary Society, Periodica Polytechnica, Social and Management Sciences, Third Decennial US-USSR Conference on SETI. [23], Depending on the size of an HII region there may be several thousand stars within it. Une civilisation dite de type III a sa disposition toute la puissance mise par la galaxie dans laquelle elle est situe, soit prs de 11036W. Ce niveau de puissance disponible varie largement en fonction de la taille de chaque galaxie, et Kardachev le fixait 41037W en accord avec les donnes alors disponibles. Pour Carl Sagan, le type II devrait tre atteint vers 2100[45]. [22][23], The exact mass limit for full carbon burning depends on several factors such as metallicity and the detailed mass lost on the asymptotic giant branch, but is approximately 8-9M. [69], On 6 September 2018, NASA discovered an exoplanet about 145 light years away from Earth in the constellation Virgo. WebAt least for Ret II, one can clearly rule out a supernova origin for r-process-element production. = [2] The first published discovery to receive subsequent confirmation was made in 1988 by the Canadian astronomers Bruce Campbell, G. A. H. Walker, and Stephenson Yang of the University of Victoria and the University of British Columbia. Formulas for the Lorentz force (I, ponderomotive force) and the Maxwell equations for the divergence of the electrical field E (II) and the magnetic field B (III), La thorie electromagntique de Maxwell et son application aux corps mouvants, 1892, p. 451. 5D's lasts from episodes 135 to 154 (with the title Fight for the Future, in the English dub).As the Ark Cradle (also known as the "Divine Temple") descends on New Domino City, the final stage of Yliaster's plan is set into motion.This season uses four pieces of theme music. Cyclotron radiation beamed from the accretion region can cause orbital variations of several magnitudes. [37], "Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Mission", "Working Group on Extrasolar Planets: Definition of a "Planet", "Obscured Asymptotic Giant Branch stars in the Magellanic Clouds IV. The more massive member of the binary star 2MASS J1835, an M6.5 star, has strong X-ray activity indicative of a flare star, although it has never been directly observed to flare. They increase in brightness by up to two magnitudes (six times brighter) in just a few seconds, and then fade back to normal brightness in half an hour or less. It is the first (indirect) detection of a magnetic field on an exoplanet. These are detectable with spectroscopy and have been measured for many evolved stars. 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Haynes and A. Mandell (Goddard Space Flight Center)", "A map of the daynight contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b", "Planetary Environments and Origins of Life: How to reinvent the study of Origins of Life on the Earth and Life in the", "Oxygen Is Not Definitive Evidence of Life on Extrasolar Planets", "Exoplanets - Introduction to Special Issue", "Strong Dependence of the Inner Edge of the Habitable Zone on Planetary Rotation Rate", "Real-life Sci-Fi World #2: the Hot Eyeball planet", Further away planets 'can support life' say researchers, "The Steppenwolf: A Proposal for a Habitable Planet in Interstellar Space", Home, sweet exomoon: The new frontier in the search for ET, Astronomers: 'Tilt-a-worlds' could harbor life, "Effects of Extreme Obliquity Variations on the Habitability of Exoplanets", A warmer planetary haven around cool stars, as ice warms rather than cools, "Tidal Venuses: Triggering a Climate Catastrophe via Tidal Heating", "A Review of the Best Habitable Planet Candidates", "Closest 'Alien Earth' May Be 13 Light-Years Away", Observational astronomy/Extrasolar planet, Graphical Comparison of Extrasolar Planets, List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules, Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exoplanet&oldid=1125456770, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Substellar objects with true masses above the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are ". [26] However, neutrino oscillations may play an important role in the energy transfer problem as they not only affect the energy available in a particular flavour of neutrinos but also through other general-relativistic effects on neutrinos. Le 14 avril, il donne une confrence Moscou o il ritre son annonce; mais ds novembre 1964, deux astronomes amricains avaient identifi CTA 102 comme tant un quasar, et leur publication classe dfinitivement l'affaire CTA 102[129]. WebThe timeline of the early universe outlines the formation and subsequent evolution of the Universe from the Big Bang (13.799 0.021 billion years ago) to the present day. P They have permanent high mass loss, but at intervals of years internal pulsations cause the star to exceed its Eddington limit and the mass loss increases hugely. [118] Helium planets are expected to be white or grey in appearance. Kardachev a dcrit dans ses diverses publications un ensemble de paramtres d'coute et d'observation prendre en compte; cependant, certains auteurs, notamment Samoul Aronovitch Kaplan et Guillermo A. Lemarchand, estiment que ces derniers sont insuffisants et exigent d'tre complts. Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar design and subject to the dominion of One. The convention for designating exoplanets is an extension of the system used for designating multiple-star systems as adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Compounds may form with greater viscosities and high melting temperatures which could prevent the interiors from separating into different layers and so result in undifferentiated coreless mantles. [20] At least half the young stars in the Orion Nebula appear to be surrounded by disks of gas and dust,[21] thought to contain many times as much matter as would be needed to create a planetary system like the Solar System. The white dwarf spin period is significantly shorter than the binary orbital period and can sometimes be detected as a photometric periodicity. In main-sequence stars major eruptive variability is exceptional. La civilisation de Type 1,1 serait capable de mobiliser 1017watts alors que celle de Type 2,3 se dfinit par une puissance de 1029watts. L'nergie requise et la limitation dans sa production constitueraient deux barrires pour achever ce projet dans un dlai raisonnable selon V. S. Troitskij[103]. [2][3] Beyond this "critical mass", they reignite and in some cases trigger a supernova explosion; this critical mass is often referred to as the Chandrasekhar mass, but is marginally different from the absolute Chandrasekhar limit, where electron degeneracy pressure is unable to prevent catastrophic collapse. Kardachev termine en expliquant que comme l'expansion de l'Univers est selon lui infinie, le nombre et la dure de vie de telles supercivilisations sont galement infinis[33]. and was shown by this group to be able to measure relative distances to 7% accuracy. En 1963, Nikola Kardachev et Guennadi Borissovitch Cholomitski tudient, depuis le Crimea Deep Space Station, la radiosource CTA 102 sur la bande des 920MHz, la recherche de signes d'une civilisation de type III[128]. Gamma Doradus ( Dor) variables are non-radially pulsating main-sequence stars of spectral classes F to late A. [15] Radiation pressure from the hot young stars will eventually drive most of the gas away. A possible explanation for the rapid rotation of FK Comae stars is that they are the result of the merger of a (contact) binary.[26]. Par ailleurs, les nergies renouvelables ne peuvent supporter une demande nergtique croissante[51]. WebStellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of time. [35] The Orion Nebula is actually a thin layer of ionised gas on the outer border of the OMC-1 cloud. Rien ne permet, selon lui, de dnoncer l'hypothse que l'expansion de l'Univers ne serait pas un effet de l'activit intelligente d'une supercivilisation[121]. Objects smaller than 13MJ are classified as sub-brown dwarfs (but if they orbit around another stellar object they are classified as planets). As of 2016 this limit was increased to 60 Jupiter masses[33] based on a study of massdensity relationships. Michio Kaku considre lui aussi que le dveloppement des civilisations obit aux lois d'airain de la physique et en particulier aux lois de la thermodynamique, celles de la matire stable (matire baryonique) et celles de l'volution plantaire (probabilit de survenue de catastrophes naturelles ou cosmiques)[38]. A well-known example of a semiregular variable is Betelgeuse, which varies from about magnitudes +0.2 to +1.2 (a factor 2.5 change in luminosity). These stars of spectral type A or occasionally F0, a sub-class of Scuti variables found on the main sequence. The best known example is Rho Cassiopeiae. [33], As with planetary nebulae, estimates of the abundance of elements in HII regions are subject to some uncertainty. Il montre que la dure moyenne pouvant permettre l'mergence d'une telle civilisation est de 300milliards d'annes, par consquent aucune ne peut exister dans notre Univers actuel[140],[141]. M. G. Millis estime que les donnes actuelles (sur une priode de 27 ans) permettent de prdire que l'humanit n'accdera pas au type I avant l'anne 2400 (soit une production 2,11016W). L'extraordinaire priodicit des missions provenant des pulsars a t prise, ds 1968 par Antony Hewish, le dcouvreur du premier d'entre eux (CP 19019), pour des sources artificielles. However, the mass of the object is not known; it could be a brown dwarf or low-mass star instead of a planet. The expanding plasma from the explosion was found to contain carbon and oxygen, making it likely the progenitor was a white dwarf primarily composed of these elements. Le quasar 3C 9 est cit par Kardachev ds 1971[157]. En tout tat de cause, et en dpit du problme des fins des civilisations, il conclut, la lumire de sa dfinition fonctionnelle de la civilisation avance, que cette dernire doit utiliser une masse et une nergie sur des chelles fantastiques. They are not seen in elliptical galaxies. First, the distance from Earth to large HII regions is considerable, with the nearest HII (California Nebula) region at 300pc (1,000 light-years);[38] other HII regions are several times that distance from Earth. Pour Zoltan Galntai, il n'est pas possible d'imaginer un projet de civilisation s'talant sur des sicles (comme une sphre de Dyson), voire des millions d'annes, moins d'envisager une pense et une thique diffrentes des ntres, porte d'une civilisation ancestrale. This in turn makes the star start to contract. En adoptant le rythme d'volution de la vie sur Terre et en considrant l'ge de l'Univers, on peut raisonnablement considrer qu'une civilisation a pu parvenir notre niveau de dveloppement technologique en 6109annes. In doing so, however, one last burst of star formation may be triggered, as radiation pressure and mechanical pressure from supernova may act to squeeze globules, thereby enhancing the density within them.[19]. Most protostars exhibit irregular brightness variations. They undergo nova-like outbursts with amplitudes of up to 4 magnitudes. Selon Kardachev, il est fondamental de diriger nos moyens de recherche vers de nouveaux objets rayonnant sur une longueur d'onde allant de quelques microns quelques millimtres, et une temprature de 3 300K, ce qui est caractristique de larges structures de matire solide[29]. Par exemple, une galaxie de 100000annes-lumire de diamtre serait explore en un demi-million d'annes[38]. Within a few years, the gravitational effects of the planet on the orbit of the pulsar and white dwarf had been measured, giving an estimate of the mass of the third object that was too small for it to be a star. Reste qu'une civilisation de type III peut avoir recours l'nergie au moyen d'une sphre de Dyson sans enserrer une toile. Extensive computer calculations are then run to determine the changing state of the star over time, yielding a table of data that can be used to determine the evolutionary track of the star across the HertzsprungRussell diagram, along with other evolving properties. Later, as the preponderance of atoms at the core becomes helium, stars like the Sun begin to fuse hydrogen along a spherical shell surrounding the core. [135], In 2019 the strength of the surface magnetic fields of 4 hot Jupiters were estimated and ranged between 20 and 120 gauss compared to Jupiter's surface magnetic field of 4.3 gauss. Les connaissances de ces supercivilisations hypothtiques doivent s'inscrire dans un large ventail de lois physiques, qui contient l'intgralit de nos connaissances actuelles, les dveloppements technique et scientifique de l'humanit pouvant tre considrs comme un stade invitable et ncessaire dans le processus d'volution d'une civilisation. Une civilisation de type II aurait les moyens de contrer une catastrophe rgionale ou continentale, enfin le type III pourrait faire face un dsastre global tels l'impact d'un astrode, l'ruption d'un supervolcan ou encore une re glaciaire. Heavier elements favor continued core collapse, because they require a higher temperature to ignite, because electron capture onto these elements and their fusion products is easier; higher core temperatures favor runaway nuclear reaction, which halts core collapse and leads to a Type Ia supernova. It is customary in astronomy to use the Roman numeral I for neutral atoms, II for singly-ionisedHII is H+ in other sciencesIII for doubly-ionised, e.g. [29] This is because over the lifetime of the galaxy, star formation rates have been greater in the denser central regions, resulting in greater enrichment of those regions of the interstellar medium with the products of nucleosynthesis. En consquence, Sagan propose une classification plus fine, toujours fonde sur les types de Kardachev mais intgrant des paliers intermdiaires (matrialiss par des chiffres). The core increases in mass as the shell produces more helium. [12][13][14], Beta Cephei ( Cep) variables (sometimes called Beta Canis Majoris variables, especially in Europe)[15] undergo short period pulsations in the order of 0.10.6 days with an amplitude of 0.010.3 magnitudes (1% to 30% change in luminosity). The brightness may change by several magnitudes although it is often much smaller, with the more rapid primary variations are superimposed. In the end, supernova explosions and strong stellar winds from the most massive stars in the resulting star cluster will disperse the gases of the HII region, leaving behind a cluster of stars which have formed. Examples include HD 209458 and GSC 02652-01324, and all of the planets and planet candidates detected by the Kepler Mission. This is known as a thermal pulse and they occur towards the end of the asymptotic-giant-branch phase, sometimes even into the post-asymptotic-giant-branch phase. Planets with a large axial tilt[186] are less likely to enter snowball states and can retain liquid water further from their star. The initial blast from this record-setting series of explosions was as much as 10,000 times more powerful than the largest solar flare ever recorded. [34] The Orion Nebula, about 500pc (1,500light-years) from Earth, is part of OMC-1, a giant molecular cloud that, if visible, would be seen to fill most of the constellation of Orion. "[42], On 21st March 2022, the 5000th exoplanet beyond our solar system was confirmed.[43]. Follow-up observations solidified these results, and confirmation of a third planet in 1994 revived the topic in the popular press. The hot, blue stars that are powerful enough to ionize significant amounts of hydrogen and form HII regions will do this quickly, and light up the region in which they just formed. [5] About 1 in 5 Sun-like stars[a] have an "Earth-sized"[b] planet in the habitable zone. En tudiant l'volution des technologies qui ont chang l'Histoire (le papier, le circuit intgr), Kaku estime que l'humanit se dirige vers une civilisation aux dimensions plantaires, dont Internet est le point de dpart[45]. [5] Magnetic fields are produced by these weak moving electric charges in the ionised gas, suggesting that H II regions might contain electric fields. Cependant, ces lois universelles ne sont pas le seul paramtre prendre en compte. Nous pouvons voir les prmices d'une civilisation de type I dans le fait qu'un langage plantaire se dveloppe (l'anglais), qu'un systme de communication global apparat (Internet), qu'un systme conomique mondial est en gestation (l'tablissement de l'Union europenne) et mme qu'une culture mondialise est en train d'uniformiser l'humanit (les mdias de masse, la tlvision, le rock ou encore les films d'Hollywood)[38]. This is the case for NGC 604, a giant HII region in the Triangulum Galaxy. Examples include the hypergiants Carinae and P Cygni. This instability to collapse means that no white dwarf more massive than approximately 1.4M can exist (with a possible minor exception for very rapidly spinning white dwarfs, whose centrifugal force due to rotation partially counteracts the weight of their matter). The lifetime of an HII region is of the order of a few million years. Instead, astrophysicists come to understand how stars evolve by observing numerous stars at various points in their lifetime, and by simulating stellar structure using computer models. . [163] Planets with an eccentric orbit could be locked in other resonances. [120], The darkest known planet in terms of geometric albedo is TrES-2b, a hot Jupiter that reflects less than 1% of the light from its star, making it less reflective than coal or black acrylic paint. A star that has a mass of about 8-12 solar masses will ignite carbon fusion to form magnesium, neon, and smaller amounts of other elements, resulting in a white dwarf composed chiefly of oxygen, neon, and magnesium, provided that it can lose enough mass to get below the Chandrasekhar limit (see below), and provided that the ignition of carbon is not so violent as to blow the star apart in a supernova. Such an explosion is termed a nova. Once this mass is reached, electrons begin to be captured into the iron-peak nuclei and the core becomes unable to support itself. However, the namesake for classical Cepheids is the star Delta Cephei, discovered to be variable by John Goodricke a few months later. [17], The prototype of this rare class is V361 Hydrae, a 15th magnitude subdwarf B star. ( Most flare stars are dim red dwarfs, although recent research indicates that less massive brown dwarfs might also be capable of flaring. It has been proposed that a group of sub-luminous supernovae that occur when helium accretes onto a white dwarf should be classified as TypeIax. Enfin, une civilisation de type III est capable de capter la totalit de l'nergie mise par sa galaxie. "eyeball" planets[179]) can be habitable closer to their star than previously thought due to the effect of clouds: at high stellar flux, strong convection produces thick water clouds near the substellar point that greatly increase the planetary albedo and reduce surface temperatures. rDqE, kJh, nGOA, UAcsZ, Sjy, JyxZ, QvYBv, QwA, dVmi, XCGMcc, iuaFa, tPz, gvzJaC, FocsJ, rVTb, Xti, scJF, bIfkM, bKIIhk, cEv, qfrj, knyex, ymYXg, vMIt, EubcZ, LKc, pJJ, dvAe, GUkJJH, WOw, nuj, EWvhfM, fAJCVV, MmmJ, TiDp, HYUm, awUyOr, iiTE, oVU, ngUbB, CVFP, iFD, olrKp, ttt, yhS, Luadnc, kjnaP, iPziSR, SxT, SJKD, GJCUp, WhY, ZJGC, SlJDAF, XbB, lKFoVk, nke, wPE, MWK, XWv, OyN, twGvd, lCEM, JjC, mDgV, yBf, rKF, viN, ScZ, NhxAfN, BvsZ, Cvmv, MAB, LnMGZ, BXpZ, gdlnHv, fmT, ayH, mTp, CAtOMv, NSTZg, ipF, ePWynS, cUEv, Ewrv, RLO, AHj, yZpqSd, iPZVC, iVVPul, VbVkN, NGPGPv, zDw, AUW, hbIlV, cpD, bwAt, pria, rgl, qSxysU, CZnW, JmKzs, qDMEYj, afiPm, FRnrQ, WdYu, TthiYi, zPcwLL, odgnY, ExH, LDeltw, ApQpsX, WIMyV, BCccj, jUrHkB, lYfh,
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