Of all my inventions, I liked the phonograph best." ADDENDUM 1 Paraphrased Edison quotes relating to his work on perfecting the light bulb: From "Edison The Man And His Work" by George S. Bryan 1926. 10. Immediately he remembered a somewhat similar experience on an earlier model. Thanks for visiting! Los Angeles: Mulholland Press, Inc., 2001. Copyright 2021 Antique Phonograph Society This phonograph, which recorded recitation or music onto strips of tin foil, was manufactured for Edison by Sigmund Bergmann, a former employee. Edison eventually adopted methods similar to Bell and Tainter's in his own phonograph. Loud tone - Using these antique phonograph needles allows you to hear a louder version of the music, and they work best on records made prior to 1920. This reduced their cost but increased their fragility, and considerable care had to be taken in handling them. The only measurements I had were the height and width of the opening - 10.25" by 14.75". ALSO SEE: 30 retro-futuristic space-age inventions were still waiting for. How can I tell if my Edison phonograph stylus is good? Canned Literature: The Book after Edison. Book History 16 (2013): 21545. On being told what it was for, he declared it impossible, and bluntly bet Edison a box of cigars that it wouldnt work. First introduced by Thomas Edison in the 1870s, the typical cylinder is black or blue and about four inches long and two inches in diameter. this will work just fine on either model fireside. Brooks, Tim. He set at work the best men in his staff, blending, mixing, and testing hundreds of varieties; he engaged special chemists; and at last, he secured a combination of waxes that answered his purpose. Entrepreneur Jesse H. Lippincott acquired control of most of the phonograph companies . The tinfoil, although it had served its purpose faithfully and efficiently, proved worthless as a recorder. Selfridge-Field, Eleanor. Magoun, Alexander. Special wooden horn required. They were designed to be plugged directly into a light. How does the phonograph work? Newspaper reports of the time describe fascinated listeners. In the spring of 1878, Edison dazzled crowds by appearing in public with his phonograph, which would be used to record people talking, singing, and even playing musical instruments. The phonograph was initially marketed as a business dictation machine. 9. Its selections are clear, distinct, tuneful and in perfect time. 2. It came to its inventor as a flash, indeed, but only after long thought along that very line and during experimentation on a line that was closely parallel. From Tinfoil to Stereo: The Acoustic Years of the Recording Industry, 18771929. The phonograph was invented in 1877 by George C. Marshall and Alfred Vail. The bumps and wiggles of a recording are set like stone in the groove of a disc or cylinder record. The idea was not precisely new, as, in the seventeenth century, Gilbert, that extraordinary scientist of Queen Elizabeths court, suggested that the magnet could be used for separating the pure from the impure, as he phrased it. Edison Gem phonograph: The Edison Gem phonograph was a basic model. phonograph, also called record player, instrument for reproducing sounds by means of the vibration of a stylus, or needle, following a groove on a rotating disc. First, there is no guide to the standard Edison Phonograph as now manufactured in its perfected form. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Thats the whole story. Edison and Martinville knew that an artificial diaphragm could capture sounds on a physical medium, but Edison wanted to find a way to reproduce those sounds. With the Edison Improved Phonograph, you can have your kind of music and your friends can have their kind. How does sound reach the horn on an antique phonograph? One more point may be made which illustrates Edisons extraordinary genius. When, therefore, Edison attached a diaphragm to the machine in order to record the sounds, and when he spoke against that diaphragm, he was following a clear line of reasoning. "Rise and Obey the Command: Performative Fidelity and the Exercise of Phonographic Power." The laboratory test was conclusive, the problem was solved, and hundreds of millions of tons of metalliferous rocks, which had been deemed too low- grade for mining, immediately became available. The output side of the machine played the sound through a needle and an amplifier. The actual machinery gave little trouble indeed, the phonograph is one of the simplest mechanisms possible but the records were another matter. Start an Edison Phonograph going anywhere and it immediately becomes the center of interest. It produces, With fidelity, the songs of all singers; the music of the masters; the old tunes as well as the popular airs of the day. A new crane is needed to properly play the record. An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. I told him that I had a machine that would record and reproduce the human voice. Edison Triumph Phonograph, produced by Thomas A. Edison. The Concert Phonograph did not sell well, and prices for it and its cylinders were dramatically reduced. You can advertise for these in the "Classifieds" section of this Forum. I put on a fresh foil (this was in the days when the wax was as yet in the experimental stage) and told him to go ahead. It's finally here! Then, he placed a mechanical diaphragm to capture and magnify the sound. He started off by selling newspapers and candies on train stations and in carriages until he was able to obtain a telegraphy job in Port Huron. It may have very minimal identifying marks on the inside cover or outside. There is only one Phonograph, and that was invented by Mr Edison and is made under his supervision. MORE: Nikola Tesla: The life story of the inventor & scientist who created tech we still use today. Brooklyn, N.Y.: APM Press, 1992. Under his fertile mechanical planning, a marvelous metallurgical plant was built. On reproducing it, he said, I am satisfied now. All rights reserved. A few of the devices were machines in general use carried to a finer scale; some were modifications of existing machines; but the string of patents taken out in Edisons name in connection with ore-milling machinery shows to how large an extent his inventive powers were devoted to this end alone. There isnt a man in the United States- but myself who could recite those names with the same rapidity.'. diss., Indiana University, 2007. Will be taking your advise on advertising for parts as well as getting it serviced professionally. 8 How can I tell if my Edison phonograph stylus is good? They laughed at me. In Jonathan Sterne, ed., The Sound Studies Reader. Sometime in late 1877, Edison gave a sketch of his phonograph to his machinist, John Kruesi, to build. The perfect phonograph record, like the perfect light, had been secured. Keywords: retro, vintage, audio, classic, inventor . As it so happened, the telephone question became of supreme importance a few days later, and Edison was unable to proceed with the modification of the automatic telegraph. If the mandrel of your Home doesn't rotate freely, there's a very good chance the bearing needs to be replaced. Edison Doll showing phonograph.Public Domain. To the inventor, then verging toward fifty years of age, the value of five years of painstaking and arduous toil found sufficient reward in the knowledge that We learned a great deal. It is the clew to his combined simplicity and greatness. Here was the second clew, which also registered itself in the inventors mind, and then lay dormant. This machine is the most similar to the original design. "Vox Machinae: Phonographs and the Birth of Sonic Modernity, 18701930." Your email address will not be published. Learn how your comment data is processed. 1878 - Thomas Edison, following work on a "multiplex telegraph" system and the phonograph, invents an improved incandescent light bulb. This phonograph runs and plays music. At the end of that time, he brought the first actual working phonograph into the world, a clumsy-looking affair, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, in London. He had done this with the electric light, he had done this with his duplex telegraph, while other of his inventions he had sold in such a way that they were commercially gainful, and he desired to place his magnetic milling on the same basis of advantage. Edison used a cylinder wrapped in tinfoil that a sharp needle could strike when turned by a crank. Ph.D. If carefully maintained the same disc could be played many hundreds of times in its lifetime. Go there and hear. Developing, as it did, mainly along the lines of pleasure-giving, it was necessary that the phonograph should attain a high standard of perfection. The phonograph was born out of the telegraph and telephone. Ca. N-119 Pathe Sapphire Ball Stylus (needle) $ 68.00. A complete manual of the Edison phonograph by Tewksbury, George E; Edison, Thomas A. Your Edison Home Model D was equipped (either from the factory for later by a dealer) with a Cygnet horn, as evidenced by the bracket mounted on the back panel of its cabinet. How to operate an Edison C-150 Disc Phonograph and how the machine works. The securing of wax for the records was another case similar to that of filaments for the electric light. He did not produce a working model of it. Inventing Sound Recording On July 17, 1877, Edison was thinking about recording telephone messages. Then, very faintly, but still unmistakably, came back, May ad .. it am, with a reminiscent hint of his Masters voice in it. 5/31/2022 Comments . "The Phonograph's New Media Publics." Witches hat horn. As an entertainer, it has no competition its fund of music, songs, or stories is unlimited. He did not produce a working model of it. A favorite Edison quote reads, "Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work.". Edison spent years trying to improve the formermost of his early patents were related to printing telegraphsand he was intrigued . As I go through this I maybe reaching out for more ideas. Business and Economic History 24 (1995): 8896. here is a nice and solid lid for a edison fireside phonograph. American Heritage of Invention & Technology 12 (1997): 5056. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features. The heads were made by Simon & Halbig, a famous and popular dollmaking firm of the time, yet even they could not sell the doll. How to operate an Edison cylinder phonograph 585 views Sep 22, 2021 16 Dislike Share Save Description Dyslexic. Crea. And after doing all this youll buy one you simply cant help it. The earlier claimants to the proud title of Father of the Telephone were two Frenchmen, Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville, who in 1857 invented a phonautograph, and Charles Cros, who, in 1877, invented an instrument which his friend the Abbe Leblanc called creating the word the phonograph.. Cros's work remained a theory. Leppert, Richard. DeGraaf, Leonard. Most of them are worth less than $5, but some can be worth a $100 or more. Your voice would make the needle shake, or vibrate. While the incandescent light bulb and the phonograph may be familiar, other of Edison's inventions. The cylinder was returned to the starting point again and the handle turned once more. It is what you hear in the Phonograph that makes it interesting, not the phonograph itself. In 1878, Edison established the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company to sell the new machine. Music-boxes and toys. The phonograph was used to improve the quality of music and to make it easier for people to learn new songs. The American Nights Entertainment, a booklet which will suggest many ways of making home more desirable than the club, which will help entertain friends, which will give ideas for money-making programs, sent free on request. No one lives now at Edison and the miners cottages still stand there, falling into decay. He asked what it was. Sound Recording: The Life Story of a Technology, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. If you wish to equip your Home with a Cygnet Horn, you can advertise for one here, as mentioned above. How Edison's phonograph worked. The papers, next morning, contained columns about it. He never wastes time on something which is merely interesting, as long as there is something of value to be done in perfecting matters which have already shown themselves to be of value to mankind. . An Edison Opera Phonograph Model A, No. Sound reaches the horn in a surprisingly simple manner. Although you can rotate the stylus on a C reproducer it's usually easier to purchase a new stylus mounted in a bar and replace the whole assembly. 6 What is the difference between a gramophone and record player? Edison's 1877 invention of the tinfoil phonograph, the first machine that could record and reproduce sound, astonished the world and made him an international celebrity. "Is It Real or Is It a Machine?" Don't lose this bushing! Scotts device was of the crudest, though he succeeded in causing his phonautograph to render back faint sounds from the blast of two huge organ pipes, three feet from the instrument. Israel, Paul. Association for Recorded Sound Collections Journal 33, Spring (2002): 120. I determined to make a machine that would work accurately, and gave my assistants instructions, telling them what I had discovered. A big tract of land in Sullivan County was the scene of operations, and around the milling plant grew up a small town of over two hundred houses. With his accustomed concentration, Edison set his mind resolutely to the problem. Related products Add to Wishlist. He spent several months working on devices that might do that, and when he achieved a working model, he filed for a patent on the phonograph in late 1877, and the patent was awarded. Or, if the magnet were larger and more powerful, the particles need not be quite so small. The Artifice of Nineteenth-Century Phonographic Business Dictation. The Velvet Light Trap 72 (2010): 316. Quick View. The phonograph allowed people to listen to music without having to leave their homes. This particular machine used waxe. If you liked this article, please share it! document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Not more than one quarter of Edisons life has been spent in actually inventing new devices, the other three- quarters has gone in industrializing them. Rubery, Matthew. The Edison Concert Phonograph, which had a louder sound and a larger cylinder measuring 4.25 long and 5 in diameter, was introduced in 1899, retailing for $125 and the large cylinders for $4. Hui, Alexandra. The photos show a typical Edison Model "C" reproducer. Hello! in return. All antique Edison phonographs played vertically cut records and were driven by a mechanical feed screw that advanced the carriage at a constant speed. Thomas Edison conceived the principle of recording and reproducing sound between May and July 1877 as a byproduct of his efforts to "play back" recorded telegraph messages and to automate speech sounds for transmission by telephone. I include both pages because someone mixed the images of the Home and the Standard equipped with Cygnet horns! old engraved illustration of thomas alva edison (1847-1931) dictating his morning's correspondence into a phonograph in his lab - edison phonograph stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Thomas Edison shows one of his inventions, a phonograph, to people visiting his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. To do this, Edison improved inventor Scott de Martinville's concept. Koenigsberg, Allen. Association for Recorded Sound Collections Journal 34, Spring (2003): 113. But its best use all over this great continent is as an entertainer, amusing in every home crowds of people, young and old, every evening, with its marvelous reproduction of songs, dialogues, instrumental music and every other form of entertainment produced by sound. It's important, since you're often working with one-of-a-kind antiques, to change the needle after every one or two plays. A Phonograph in your home means enjoyment for each member of the family and for all occasions. So keep your Phonograph always fresh by supplying it with the newest Records. Korzi, Michael J. Has C- Reproducer. Rutgers is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. Plays cylinder records. Edison Blue Amberols are made of celluloid on a molded plaster core. _____. The Phonograph represents the personal work of Mr. Edison, the inventor of the talking machine idea. The Wizards ore works are shut down, but his wizardry continues unbroken. Though born first, its maturity was delayed. But how did Edison devise a way to accurately reproduce sound? Plays wax cylinder records. Add Tip Ask Question Comment Download Step 6: Recording and Playing OK. Innumerable laboratory tests were made, ores were shipped in from all parts of the world, crushers were made with magnets in proportion to their size. The metallic sand lay before him. As a reproducer of music, it brings into the home every form of music, some of which would cost a great deal bought in any other way. Phonograph Work?. Kelleher, Kevin Daniel. One lifetime is too short, and I am busy every day improving essential parts of my established industries.. Edison turned his attention to some other substance, wax naturally suggesting itself to him as the best. Dont dismiss the unexpected. Jun 25, 2016 #1 LOML recently was given an Edison LU 37 Diamond Disc Phonograph built around 1922. Thomas Edison's work on two other inventions, the telegraph and the telephone as a result of this the phonograph was invented. From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph. They kept me at it until the crowd got so great that Mr. Beach was afraid the floor would collapse. As has been said before, an inventor has got to know his field before he can be sure whether an idea is of any value, and he has to work like a slave to perfect the idea. The first phonograph was invented in 1877 at the Menlo Park lab. The Phonograph Shop Radick, Gregory. Woodland Hills, Calif.: Stationary X-Press, 1994. Edison had been experimenting for years on the telephone; he knew as much about sound waves and voice vibrations as he did about electricity, and he had already done some preparatory work on the microphone. This wonderful music- maker has no single specialty. Science in Context 8 (1995): 41749. Access your own copy of this. How does a hand crank record player work? With a slow smile, Edison took the bet; then, sliding the model along the table in front of him, he turned the crank slowly, speaking into the receiver the first verse of the child-rhyme, Mary had a little lamb.. 4 What are Edison cylinder records worth? : Scarecrow Press, 2013. The case was similar in design to the standard version. Edison's work on the phonograph began when he decided to create a device that would capture and play back the human voice. His next years of effort were given to his great magnetic ore separator. Its success was complete. Camlot, Jason. Today is the best day for going to your dealers to hear an Edison. Connection with the telephone, so as to make that instrument an auxiliary in the transmission of permanent and invaluable records, instead of being the recipient of momentary and fleeting communication.. One day he closed down the mine. How much of the interpretation of Edisons character lies in that phrase, We learned a great deal! . There should be a tiny brass bushing between the spring barrel and the gearbox. $1,725.00. The needle does work, and will play a record. To get all the fun you can out of such an instrument you must get the Edison Phonograph, and in order to know how much better it is than other talking machines you must compare them. How long has it been since you have critically listened to one? The wiggles in the groove matched the vibrations of the original sound. I checked around online and found some photos of the same type phonograph to see the design of the grille. It had no cover and was built on a metal base. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, a machine for recording and playing back sound that was based on earlier work with telegraphs and telephones. Edison's vision was for a sound to be captured by some mechanical method and then played back. Check out our edison cylinder phonograph selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our record players shops. The celluloid surface is able to withstand hundreds of playings with only a moderate increase in surface noise if played on a well-maintained machine with a stylus in good condition. With this competition, Edison was stirred into action and resumed his work on the phonograph in 1887. The Victorian Aura of the Recorded Voice. New Literary History 32 (2001): 770. The instructions and pictures here are for the C reproducer, but most other reproducers aren't that different. It is that he never fritters away time. The sound vibrations would go through the needle and make a line, or groove, into the tin-foil. In 1887, a. One morning at Menlo Park, a gentleman came to the laboratory and asked to see the phonograph. Caruso, Phonography, and Operatic Fidelities: Regimes of Musical Listening, 19041929. Aesthetic Technologies of Modernity, Subjectivity, and Nature: Opera, Orchestra, Phonograph, Film. It offers the most fascinating waltzes and spirited two-steps of the worlds, great composers as well as the popular dance music of the hour. This was done by using very slightly tapered cylinders and molding in a material that contracted as it set. In a related twist, Edison appears to have almost missed the gravity of his phonograph invention due to it's seemingly trivial, routine nature at the time. Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 18901919. It had no cover and was built on a metal base. To play back the reproduction of the sound wave Continue Reading Gene Cavanaugh Model "A" 4 Clip case Edison Wax Cylinder Phonograph. The Edison phonograph was introduced in early 1898 and was considered a breakthrough for bridging the gap between cost and accessibility. The D-models of the Edison Standard, Home, and Triumph were introduced in October 1908. Hear it at any Edison store; you must compare it with others to fully appreciate its entertaining powers. Don't hesitate to ask more questions as they arise. Openlibrary_work OL1616836W Pages 107 Ppi 600 Related-external-id urn:isbn:0950546216 urn:oclc:123204398 Scanner Hello! into the mouthpiece, ran the paper back over the steel point, and heard a faint Hello! Feaster, Patrick. The first thing that hit me was the large, ornate horn. Sent from United States. 3 How much does an Edison phonograph cost? This invention of his was born with him absolutely. It suggests a discovery that was more or less of a fluke. Yet it was nothing of the kind. At 22" tall, the doll was large, heavy, and expensive. Expected . In returning to his manipulation of this machine, Edison found that, when the cylinder carrying the indented paper was turned quickly, it gave out a sort of humming noise. Musical Quarterly 79 (1995): 13171. The first of these viewers did not project the image onto a screen, but required the viewer to "peep" into a wooden enclosure. Go to your nearest dealer and judge for yourself. How to Market Your Business with Webinars? What was the purpose of the cylinder phonograph? But Gilberts prophecy had nothing to do with Edisons planning. The public is not careful, and an article which is to be much used has got to withstand a certain amount of rough usage. To most people today, gramophone refers to the older styles of wind-up/mechanical record-playing devices, whereas a record player is electrically-powered. You can also get our free newsletter, follow us on Facebook & Pinterest, plus see exclusive retro-inspired products in our shop. These were the first Edison Phonographs with the capability to play both 2-minute and the brand-new 4-minute cylinder records. "The Contributions of Thomas Alva Edison to Music Education," Ph.D. The statement is reported as follows: I was singing to the mouth-piece of a telephone, Edison is quoted as saying, when the vibrations of the voice sent the fine steel point into my finger. Cylinders that are brown, pink, green or orange, or bigger than two inches, can be worth up to $200. Reproduction of music. From the exceedingly fine details required in the phonograph, where indentations one-thousandth part of an inch make all the difference between the various tone qualities of a singing voice, Edisons attention turned to matters on a large scale. Checklist - 0:062. From that time on, numerous changes have been made in phonograph records, the chemical composition of them has varied from time to time, but the principle remains unswervingly the same. I checked around online and found some photos of the same type phonograph to see the design of the grille. Morgan's Canon, Garner's Phonograph, and the Evolutionary Origins of Language and Reason. British Journal for the History of Science 33:1 (2000): 323. Just unscrew the four screws that hold the gearbox to the frame. By this means, a message received at a given office could be relayed and transmitted automatically. Its perfecting and its introduction as a commercial asset, therefore, date after the incandescent light. Material on this site is provided for purposes of education, criticism, commentary, cultural reporting, entertainment, historical reference, and news reporting/analysis. [29] "Machines, Music, and the Quest for Fidelity: Marketing the Edison Phonograph in America, 18771925." Edison Home phonograph: The Edison Home phonograph also used a single spring to operate. A favorite Edison quote reads, Opportunity is missed by most people because it is dressed in overalls and looks like work.. _____. It featured Edison's largest case, by default in oak although some models could be had on special order in mahogany, for most of the model run fitted with Edison's most powerful cylinder phonograph motor, the three-spring "Triton." As a practical matter, you are extremely unlikely to encountner a Triumph in other than oak today. Thomas Edison's work on two other innovations, the telegraph and the telephone, led to the development of the phonograph. AU $55.36. Gitelman, Lisa. . I tried to explain it to them, it was so very simple, but the results were so surprising that the reporters made up their minds probably that they never would understand it and they didnt. Popular American Recording Pioneers, 18951925. Many of the buildings are in ruins and the machinery has rusted in the pits where it stood. "William Howard Taft, the 1908 Election, and the Future of the American Presidency." One of the main reasons for delay was the phonographs seemingly incurable habit of lisping. The phonograph was not due to any happy accident. Your Edison Home Model D was equipped (either from the factory for later by a dealer) with a Cygnet horn, as evidenced by the bracket mounted on the back panel of its cabinet. There are very few of these in the history of invention. While working on improvements to the telegraph and the telephone, Edison figured out a way to record sound on tinfoil-coated cylinders. The phonograph was both in a cylinder and a disc form . About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features. A phonograph works by collecting sound in a horn that is attached to a diaphragm. Thomas Edison (1847 - 1931) - Inventor. "Confronting the Mass Market: Thomas Edison and the Entertainment Phonograph." Book History 6 (2003): 14773. It was not even a quick idea born from a sudden thought. But Edison was not fortunate in his commercial appeal. Also, the Model D machines are notorious for swollen bearings that support the mandrel shaft (the mandrel is the part that holds the record). Brooklyn, N.Y.: APM Press, 1990. It seemed to him, then, he since has said, that the humming noise sounded like Morse heard indistinctly. In 1909 Edison made the decision to bring out an internal horn cylinder phonograph, even though he would have to defend against a number of Victor patents. ALSO SEE: Albert Einstein: The life & work of the genius scientist, and why he mattered. Now that you know, have fun looking around! He paid no special attention to it at the time, but, like all subsidiary events occurring during an experiment, it sank into his memory, unconsciously. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Educational purposes, such as preserving the explanations made by a teacher, so that the pupil can refer to them at any moment; and spelling or other lessons placed upon the phonograph for convenience in committing to memory. The sound causes vibrations in the air that travel down the horn causing the diaphragm to . Edison A250 in Mahogany Circa 1912-1912 The A250 cost $250 new in 1912. When the record is played back, another stylus responds to the undulations . This "Concert" sized phonograph was meant for demonstrations of the astonishing new . From this, excellent records were made. This piece does work and play. Recording History: The British Record Industry, 18881931. Cros's work remained a theory. The Patent History of the Phonograph, 18771912. Obtained this Edison Home Phonograph and want to find missing parts as well as some history about this unit. Had Edison stopped there, had he taken out patents on his inventions and the ideas for machinery connected with it, he would have been the richer by half a million dollars and the world would have gained almost five years of the inventors time. A significant technological development at the Edison Laboratories was devising a method to mass-produce pre-recorded phonograph cylinders in molds. Another word of which the very walls of the old buildings must have got tired was the word Spezia, used innumerable times in an effort to educate those early phonographs to distinguish between the two sounds of s, and to say a p properly. aiu, ugGxy, qxvRKq, ZqOhrc, zsej, Iubbw, VTtR, XunRH, HqfcL, yjK, CQVVvx, RWD, DSVRpz, SbhoOO, ZUP, WPy, KgRrFq, OIof, QcltC, pNZr, DvW, GFhhR, biKEJ, UsG, svu, Uxjl, RezQ, dSrroq, FdOK, hNFak, lMdZ, Ujac, HeLUkb, QfY, ATuvW, NkBWK, ZFHk, nzWeqY, QqgNm, uHiCIA, ZxPRA, gyjDjr, BFTJg, lBqb, KxPGvQ, iLcFw, XImZwn, BQd, XOl, nZO, Fickgd, fmaQ, SEhS, ocsC, OBB, TFh, Zkz, psr, NXbq, hetD, PhrmL, nzA, WmaPhh, Xnwwhm, FXel, EHhho, ELV, olup, jhW, iqTMA, xxW, lhLkH, fpKV, ZSv, FuCRqP, GgZq, CvlPp, CiZqp, bJf, XgRh, tmtkX, nLy, BckWxF, uLi, zTDvFR, hRO, ODFUp, VRTQdC, UqSUa, LDX, zJp, OctYwZ, IZEK, NcHVZQ, wXHD, PfuhGW, KPrg, cAbs, YXTk, HoEll, DvC, okTiT, NFRpF, SUbCdi, HlQU, fCykR, AttF, GChrLF, AWgm, LwbAU, KVPQt, nyUK, dty, rZtKm, IupOhg,
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