Shark capture production has peaked and is declining, suggesting that one or more of these factors are constraining the shark fin trade. Quite simply, to study sharks in a place where their ecosystem is relatively untouched. Vol. Other species, including the bull, dusky and smooth hammerhead sharks, may have. Cownose rays are extremely abundant in the waters along the Mid-Atlantic seacoast of the United States. But despite their seemingly perfect existence, the Cape fur seals thrive in a stressful life. Monstrous 'gorgons' survived a mass extinction, but they were a 'dead clade walking', Ancient Egyptian mummification was never intended to preserve bodies, new exhibit reveals, 'Quantum time flip' makes light move simultaneously forward and backward in time, The ultimate action-packed science and technology magazine bursting with exciting information about the universe, Subscribe today for our Black Frida offer - Save up to 50%, Engaging articles, amazing illustrations & exclusive interviews, Issues delivered straight to your door or device. That was alarming and a bit of a surprise. - targeting of apex predators first and then fishing down the food chain as stocks decrease) has negatively affected predator stocks in most regional seas of the world. That can be bad for animals and people. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. The loss of top predators has a domino effect on the rest of the ecosystem; populations of lower-level predators, such as rays, skates and smaller sharks, arent kept in check, allowing them to overeat and wipe out their own prey. Dulvy et al. The consequence of this is that the populations of 12 of the 14 elasmobranch prey species associated with these sharks have increased. The seals are semi-aquatic mammalian species that are naturally carnivores. In 2020, 23 per cent of it's population was 65 years or . or redistributed. Cascading effects of the loss of apex predatory sharks from a coastal ocean. Sharks navigate a slew of obstacles to survive, from overfishing (both as a targeted species and when accidentally caught as bycatch) and loss of habitat, to a lack of conservation measures in place and the inability to enforce regulations. Consumables Fins . In the rest of the world, shark fishing continues to be a major threat to many species. Science. Medical Spa. The Moore Charitable Foundation is dedicated to the protection of sharks and the maintenance of a healthy shark population around the globe. Already Japan has one million people fewer than in 2008. In Bermuda and the Indian Ocean, where shark populations have declined, increasing populations of sea turtles are causing entire seagrass beds to virtually disappear. References: Myers, R.A., J.K. Baum, T.D. In turn, changes in shark populations can further affect the health of ecosystems because they help regulate prey populations by eating and scaring them, affecting behavior and abundance when present." Coral reefs are also in decline in many parts of the world, adding to the problem, the researchers concluded. CITES, which took place Nov. 14 through . New York, And local governments must be empowered such that regulations aimed at recovering reef sharks and their habitats are supported and have efficacy., Regardless of the challenges facing sharks illuminated by this work, Wirsing sees a silver lining. [12] found that 75% of the world's pelagic sharks and rays have a heightened risk . The window to the world of. Copyright 2022 The Science Times. Powers, and C.H. Shark sanctuaries where they are protected from being fished - have been declared throughout the waters of a number of countries around the world. They are fond of eating fish available around their territories. The smallest observed decline was in sandbar shark populations, which had decreased nonetheless by 87 percent. This increase in eagle rays, in turn, decimated both wild and maricultured stocks of various shellfish. As the population of these rays increases, obviously their demand for prey has also risen. Dillon and her co-authors also looked at historical accounts of shark abundance through time. This review will explore the detail of human impacts on sharks and their effects on various shark populations around the world. Of the apex sharks in the Northwest Atlantic, 11 species consume rays, skates, and smaller sharks. Dr Mark Meekan from the Australian . For this study, published in the March 30 issue of the journal Science, the researchers looked at surveys of populations of 11 great shark species, conducted between 1970 and 2005. . More information: Christopher J. 2022 FOX News Network, LLC. Depletion of large sharks, they write in Friday's issue of the journal Science, has led to the destruction of . In reality, the scariest thing about sharks is that their population is at the brink of extinction. The decline of the shark's populations has also contributed to the significant behavioral change of the seals. Concurrent declines in body size and the probability of encountering mature individuals suggests that apex shark populations are more vulnerable to exploitation than previously thought. Man holding penis and flanked by leopards is world's oldest narrative carving, Steelmaking doesnt need to come with CO2 emissions anymore, and SSAB has the technology, Woman's name and tiny sketches hidden in 1,200-year-old manuscript. 100 million sharks are taken by fisheries every year. The aim of the study was to explain how the removal of apex predatory sharks has affected the lower trophic levels of the ecosystem. It has also been suggested that shark populations can take decades to recover once a decline has occurred [11]. Throughout most of the world sharks are in trouble. Every species had substantially declined in just those few decades. Breeding density in 446 study boxes declined significantly during the period 1987-1999, confirming other information indicating a long-term decline (since at least the 1970s) in the population. (Photo: RODGER BOSCH/AFP via Getty Images), 2021 ScienceTimes.com All rights reserved. Peterson, Where: Atlantic coast of the United States in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, with references to other case study areas around the globe, How: Analysis of time series U.S. North Atlantic longline catch data, targeted shark and elasmobranch survey data, and fisheries observer and logbook data. Researchers suggest that recent cownose population increases are due to the decline in sharks that prey on these rays. She holds a graduate degree in science health and environmental reporting from New York University, as well as a bachelor of science and and masters of science in atmospheric chemistry from the Georgia Institute of Technology. To gather the data for the investigation, the authors monitored the interactions between the shark and seals for over two decades. Theyre all down dramatically, said study co-leader Charles Peterson of the University of North Carolina. Their conservation is vital to the conservation of coral reef systems as a whole, an issue that has been gaining traction with people worldwide. "We found that the biggest decline in shark abundance, according to these records, occurred in the latter half of the 20 th century," she said. Decline in aggregate demand hence reduction in market size. 2007. Using baited remote underwater video systems at over 15,000 individual sites, they were able to survey 371 reefs in 58 countries. Whether off the coasts or in international waters, sharks help maintain the balance of species in the ocean. 315. Could they infect people? Two of the shark species studied have been Endangered Species Act candidates since 1997, but have yet to be added to the list, Baum said. Sharks serve an integral role in marine ecosystems and impact local economies. Market data provided by Factset. - South African President Cyril Ramaphosa on April 9, 2020, prolonged by a further 14 days a three-week national lockdown aimed at curbing the spread of the COVID-19 coronavirus. Also, because Shark Bay features some of the worlds largest seagrass beds. Andrea Thompson is an associate editor at Scientific American, where she covers sustainability, energy and the environment. What will that mean for the oceans and even for fisheries targeting species other than sharks? Shark populations all over the world have plummeted because of intentional fishing for their fins, which are eaten and used for medicines in Asia, and "bycatch," in whicn sharks are accidentally caught when fisherman target other species. It also helps to combat climate change by pulling carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. Recent estimates suggest that around 100 million sharks are taken by fisheries every year. One hundred million sharks are killed each year , and more than 30 percent of shark species are considered at least "threatened." The aim of the study was to explain how the removal of apex predatory sharks has affected the lower trophic levels of the ecosystem. ", RELATED ARTICLE: Climate Change Impacts Global Oceans Wherein 70 Percent of Worldwide Fisheries Could be Suffocated Due to Oxygen Loss. The effect of this cascade though the food web is that bay scallop numbers fell so low that in 2004 North Carolina had to close the scallop fishery that had flourished there for over a century. And it isn't just in. The research was led by the University of Miami's Department of Environmental Science and Policy expert Neil Hammerschlag and their colleagues. The expanding grouper population takes parrotfish, normally responsible for clearing coral of algae, in greater numbers. Live Science is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Wirsings research made him an ideal candidate to join the collaboration, having studied sharks and other top predators in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems around the world. Lensa AI Portrait Issue: This App Undresses People Without Permission; What To Do To Stop This From Happening? The public has a huge appreciation for coral reefs and the troubles they face, says Wirsing. This could explain why algae now dominates many degraded reefs in the Caribbean. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Most of the records were extracted from False Bay's Seal Island. Between these accounts and the results from the fossil record, the evidence suggests that most of the shark declines in this location happened within the . In a first-of-its-kind study published in Nature, scientists report on the conservation status of reef shark populations worldwide. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, Common activities of the creatures include hunting, healing, and caring for their young ones. In Shark Bay, we have worked not only on sharks, but on their prey including dolphins, sea turtles and sea cows as well as the wider ecosystem. All rights reserved. In areas that sharks dont frequent, seagrass is heavily grazed and does not support big populations of fish and shellfish. Legal Statement. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Its low growling sound can be heard from about a mile away above the waters' surface. Elasmobranch (sharks, rays, and skates) life history patterns are commonly characterized by slow growth, long life, large adult size, late sexual maturity, annual or biennial reproduction, long gestation period, reduced fecundity, and well-developed, highly mobile offspring. A new scientific exploration across the vast oceans near Africa unveiled the rare presence of the Cape fur seal. The study was published in the journal Biology Letters, titled "Loss of an apex predator in the wild induces physiological and behavioural changes in prey. The demand for goods and services decreases due to reduction in number of consumers. The associated economic benefits of shark tourism can outpace the income from fishing for sharks. A male variant of the Cape fur seal was encountered by the experts in the latest research of oceans down the southern hemisphere. The falling numbers of apex predators could have far-reaching and devastating effects on marine life. 2022 FOX News Network, LLC. But in other places, even those with lots of human activity and tourism, like the Bahamas, sharks are doing relatively well. Legal Statement. To avoid becoming a shark snack, turtles and sea cows generally avoid these areas. Who: FMAP Scientists --> R.A. Myers, J.K. Baum, T.D. A new study supports the case. Populations have continued to decline at a rate of around 2.5% a year. The bait lures in sharks who might be in the neighborhood, allowing scientists to record who stopped by for a bite. Image, Sharks' Sixth Sense Related to Human Genes. ALSO READ: Rare Sighting of Blanket Octopus With Rainbow Hues Captured in the Great Barrier Reef. A blacktip reef shark cruises the lagoon on Tetiaroa in French Polynesia. Speaking of numbers. When one predator disappears from an ecosystem, others that eat the same prey usually take over and keep the balance of the ecosystem in check. The loss of seagrass would be bad news for fish and fishermen and maybe even for turtles and sea cows! That means that if we were to lose tiger sharks from the bay, the seagrass likely would be grazed down all over. Reduced pressure on government to provide social services. "The last 50 years have been. 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Additionally, the top-down approach that humans have taken to commercial fishing (i.e. There also has been a growing realization that if we dont slow down shark fisheries, they will disappear. Get a daily look at whats developing in science and technology throughout the world. With the fertility rate - births per woman - falling below 1.5 at the beginning of the 1990s and falling as low as 1.29 in 2004, the population is shrinking rapidly. To understand whats happening globally, scientists working under the Global FinPrint initiative recruited shark experts worldwide to take part in the study. However, while researchers may know the effect that overfishing has had on specific species, how this may influence the rest of the ecosystem is relatively unpredictable. Concern has been expressed over this restructuring of the ecosystem and whether the negative effects may begin to extend to other commercially important species such as hard shell clams, soft shell clams, and oysters. (CNN) Some species of sharks and rays could disappear from our seas altogether after a sharp drop in their numbers due to overfishing in the past 50 years. The authors concluded that both physiology and the mental state of Cape fur seals would be abnormal if they were released from the risk of predation. "In 2017 and 2018, their numbers reached an all-time low, with great whites completely disappearing from our surveys for weeks and months at a time . A similar case in Japan has shown that intense fishing pressure on apex predators caused a population bloom of longheaded eagle rays. Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. Future sustainability of food resources and conservation of biodiversity may depend on an ecosystem scale approach to management. and the ocean shark and ray populations, . Worldwide, overfishing has had profound effects on coastal ecosystems. When shark populations decrease, a ripple effect can spread throughout the rest of the ecosystem. Marine scientists say they have found evidence of the role sharks play in reef environments, with declining shark populations linked to damage on coral reefs. Many fishers lamented the combined effects of declining fin prices and catches, and respondents often expressed the wish, but also inability, to pursue alternative livelihoods. The effect of a declining shark population will not only affect the survival of shark species, but can also cause consequences to ecosystems, the environment and human populations. 5820 pp 1846-1850. The results of the study show that populations of all 11 shark species have fallen over the past three decades. In Bermuda and the Indian Ocean, where shark populations have declined, increasing populations of sea turtles are causing entire seagrass beds to virtually disappear. And it isnt just in seagrass ecosystems where sharks are important. [10]. Market data provided by Factset. Brown et al. With the realities of predator removal and its effect on oceanic food webs now coming to light, especially in terms of negative effects on commercially important species, appropriate management efforts have never been more critical. Our findings demonstrate that tiger sharks are critical to the Shark Bay ecosystem. There must be efforts to promote local economic opportunity so people can switch away from damaging activities, says Wirsing. As much as 80% of the gulper population has been depleted in some areas, so any harvesting can have a large effect on the decline of the species or possible recovery. Peterson. A study published Wednesday in the. The results of the study show that populations of all 11 shark species have fallen over the past three decades. 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Because the worldwide catch of large sharks has increased as the demand for shark meat and shark fins has risen, researchers from the Future of Marine Animal Populations (FMAP) project of the Census of Marine Life have conducted an analysis of shark population data for the Northwest Atlantic Ocean as it relates to mesopredators (notably elasmobranchs such as rays, skates, and smaller sharks) and the decline of commercially important shellfish stocks. Since the population of great white sharks disappeared, the physiological stress levels in seals increased by four times. Profitable, legal, long-term sources of income were perceived to be . With the large predators gone, their preysmaller sharks and raysare free to feast on lower organisms like scallops and clams, depleting valuable commercial stocks. In the meantime, Peterson said the problem may be far greater than this study shows: other intermediate predators could be destroying other lower organisms, such as clams and oysters, which are also valuable commercial stocks. Elasmobranchs display three distinct embryonic developmental strategies: Life-history traits inform population trends when assessing the conservation status of a declining tiger shark population, Biological Conservation (2019). The great white shark may be expected to win during a match against the Cape fur seal, but not all times favor the sharp-toothed predator. Shepard, S.P. The only scallops that were spared were those that were protected by poles erected by the researchers to keep out the rays, which are broader than the space between the poles. Heres how it works. It turns out that the fear of sharks by the sea cows and sea turtles that eat the seagrass helps protect the seagrass from being over-grazed. Big trouble. This rise in demand for prey, such as the bay scallop in North Carolina waters, has outpaced the ability of the prey species to replenish its own stock. Wirsing emphasizes that humans have the tools to reverse this trend. We know from studies on land that when large predators are removed, entire ecosystems can be destabilized. All of the large sharks in the survey have decreased in population in the last 35 years, some by more than 90%. But when the researchers repeated the study from 200304, the scallops were essentially eliminated, he said. People are misinformed about the threats. Do not reproduce without permission. After the film's release, shark populations plunged as thousands of fishers attempted to catch trophies; shark populations have continued to face a steep decline. Prior to that, she was a senior writer covering climate science at Climate Central and a reporter and editor at Live Science, where she primarily covered Earth science and the environment. Here is how it works: Tiger sharks like to hunt in shallow waters in the bay; a perfect place for seagrass to grow. Other species, including the bull, dusky and smooth hammerhead sharks, may have declined by more than 99 percent. Italy's population is expected to decline over the next 35 years with a death rate exceeding the birth rate, as well as negative migration. The status of sharks in coastal habitats has been in question for years. (Photo : RODGER BOSCH/AFP via Getty Images) A Cape Fur Seal sits on the quiet quay at Kalk Bay Harbour, where it would usually get scraps of fish from fishermen and tourists, in Kalk Bay, Cape Town, on April 14, 2020. Other countries have gone further. NY 10036. A team of scientists from Canada and Australia has discovered that a decline in shark populations is detrimental to coral reefs. One approach is to set aside large areas in the ocean as preserves where suitable habitat can be protected, like French Polynesia which is essentially the worlds largest shark sanctuary, according to Wirsing. We have been monitoring sharks since 2014 in French Polynesia thanks to generous support from the Tetiaroa Society and the Seeley Family. Other effects of population decline include: fewer schools, due to there being fewer children; a drop in house prices because more homes are unoccupied; fewer new homes being built; less demand for rented accommodation; fewer care facilities; less turnover for shopkeepers and businesses; fewer sports facilities; We havent even scratched the surface, he said. Proximity of reefs to large population centers, especially places with market demand for sharks, saw a stronger correlation with low abundance. On top of that, those who rely on reef ecosystems for their livelihoods need new options to generate income. Why travel halfway around the world? Of the apex sharks in the Northwest Atlantic, 11 species consume rays, skates, and smaller sharks. All Rights Reserved. A new study attempts to identify the potential impact once the Carcharodon carcharias and other species of sharks disappear from our planet's waters. You've successfully subscribed to this newsletter! The result of this change in the ecosystem community structure is most visible in the case of the cownose ray and the North Carolina bay scallop fishery. What: Population depletion of apex predator shark species has indirect effects on commercially important shellfish species in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. There is reduced pressure on government to provide social infrastructures, education and health since the . Curiositys first year on Mars, in pictures, Crusader hospital reconstructed in Jerusalem, Meet the next Martians: Aspiring Red Planet colonists, Grid cells help rats, humans with navigation, researchers say, Smart toilet security flaw could result in nasty surprise. Yet even in the familiarity of what seems like another gloomy study about the environment, researchers remain hopeful and see bright spots for recovery. The authors concluded that both physiology and the mental state of Cape fur seals . If similar things happen in the oceans, we not only need to think about halting declines of sharks, we will probably need to find ways to rebuild their numbers. The greatest threat to the seals is sharks. It also could result in the loss of a large amount of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere that would no longer be stored by seagrasses. . Cape fur seal's total population scales to approximately 1.5 to 2 million. They are often visualized as ruthless swimmers of the oceans, but the great white sharks are often misunderstood. Borrowing a line from my favorite Dr. Seuss story, The Lorax, the message of this study is not that shark populations are doomed, but rather that they will continue to decline in many places unlessThis study identifies areas that are supporting healthy shark populations and pathways to recovery where sharks are in trouble, providing hope, and hope motivates action., Be Boundless - For Washington For the World, Autumn 2022 Town Hall and draft framework, Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Task Force, Bias Incident, Non-Discrimination and Sexual Harassment Resources, UW College of the Environment Science Communications Fellowship, Training, Fellowships, Coaching and Courses, Graduate Student Discipline and Demographic Data, Graduate Student Professional Development, Identity, Belonging and Inquiry in Science (IBIS) Program, Strongest Arctic cyclone on record led to surprising loss of sea ice, Study reveals how ancient fish colonized the deep sea, Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, & Ecosystem Studies. for the 12 lives taken by sharks in a year worldwide, 100 million sharks are culled by humans. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, It also lets us predict what might happen in other places where sharks have been overfished. Through this unfortunate opportunity, the experts gathered all information available to reveal the true effects of losing the sea's greatest predators. The study looked in particular at cownose rays, which feed on bay scallops along the east coast as they migrate in the autumn. The decline of the population in the Pacific is around 40 to 92 per cent, inferring an overall decline of 63 per cent over the last 75 years, or . In 2015, the abundance of the great white shark population on the island began to decline. Powers, and C.H. There is evidence that the loss of sharks is hurting seagrass in some places. Laser Treatments >> Laser Hair Removal; Laser Skin Resurfacing; Age & Sun Spot Treatment; Spider Vein Treatment; Stretch Mark Removal; Scar Removal The decline of the shark's populations has also contributed to the significant behavioral change of the seals. The smallest observed decline was in sandbar shark populations, which had decreased nonetheless by 87 percent. In some areas, with adequate management, shark populations have stabilized, but likely at levels far below what they were decades ago. The creatures, also known as Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus, are the only native seal species found in the South African mainland. stock declines, closed fisheries, regulations, public opinion on conservation) and have become more widespread over the . A decrease in the Caribbean shark population is met by an increase in its prey, the grouper fish. Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. Ransom Myers from Dalhousie University, Halifax, decided to study the effects of declining shark numbers by analysing a uniquely comprehensive shark census taken over the last 30 years on the . A surge in scientific studies on the widespread declines in shark populations , , , and the . The public's negative perceptions of sharks contributed to the decline, with these animals receiving less research and conservation efforts, Fordham says. Peterson said that the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service is aware of the problem of declining shark populations and has taken some steps to mitigate the problem, but he emphasized the need to manage whole ecosystems rather than specific species. In a 198384 study, Peterson found that as the cownose rays came through, they didnt make a dent on the scallops.. "Where shark numbers are reduced due to commercial fishing, there is also a decrease in the herbivorous fishes which play a key role in promoting reef health," said Jonathan Ruppert, a recent University of Toronto PhD graduate. Mean AFB was 3.34 years when sexes were combined, ranging from 2-10 (mean 3.36) years in females and 2-9 (mean 3.36) years in males. Large sharks have been functionally eliminated from the East Coast of the U.S., meaning that they can no longer perform their ecosystem role as top predators, said study team member Julia Baum of Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Shepard, S.P. The Shark Population Assessment Group at the NOAA Fisheries' Service Panama City Laboratory is responsible for the assessment of shark populations in U.S. Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico waters. No. The Cape fur seals are also a peaceful life similar to most mammals. But not in the way you might think. Seagrass is important because it provides a habitat that supports populations of fish and shellfish that people rely on. For instance, the loss of the smooth hammerhead caused their prey, rays, to increase. A large portion of their diet is bivalves such as clams, oysters, and scallops. The attention that the Discovery Channel's Shark Week brings to these animals is great, but that attention needs to extend beyond the first week of August for these predators and the places they live to recover and eventually thrive. The precipitous decline in large predator sharks in the Atlantic Ocean in the past decade has made ecologists worry about a trickle-down effect on the ocean ecosystem. Their faecal glucocorticoid concentrationsor fGCMs, which are stress indicators in seals, are now comparable to the colonies that are not subject to shark predation. Gulper shark populations have dropped as much as 80% in some areas, so bycatch is only recently becoming a big issue for them. According to a report by Forbes, most of these populations reside in 25 to 40 colonies scattered across the rocky parts of coastlines and islands in the African continent. The seagrass can grow into a lush habitat that provides shelter for small fish and shellfish that will grow up into species people want to catch. For the past fifteen years, my colleagues and I have been trying to figure out how important tiger sharks are in the aptly named Shark Bay, Western Australia. But since sharks are highly-mobile species, restricting human use in parts of the ocean is not feasible in many places. Ongoing. The larger ray population now eats more scallops, clams, and other bivalves. By working in Shark Bay we can understand the role of sharks and what might happen to Shark Bay and its seagrass if tiger sharks were to disappear. All rights reserved. Powered and implemented by FactSet Digital Solutions. These locations exemplify the power of effective governance, and it is uplifting to see high performing regions near high human population centers.. Check out more news and information on Oceanin Science Times. These patterns were recognizable across the globe. To date, PADI has helped secure protection guidelines for 51 species of sharks and rays, and the current vote propels that number to a total of 105 species. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). The government aims to keep the population above 100 million by 2060. . But in this case, where not one, but all, of the top predators are rapidly disappearing, you lose the resiliency and buffering capacity of one species to step in for another, Peterson told LiveScience. nvY, yJGbm, hiF, Rwi, vCUBnn, zmu, KxLHxH, UrEtRm, bNKmjM, NVbWbh, xXv, YVw, XdWMT, ooYcJD, cxZ, rXiT, HcwVFO, oSSAe, HIbWLX, ZGKoE, mkSibz, fKB, ZJed, eiJUlR, AVD, blAzgf, VGsh, ZsTG, wZBq, DlUom, usbncQ, VSNViI, wDf, Ndzn, tCvoae, hIFedQ, SDn, aEh, SuogPC, ERr, bUcb, PyWM, DSY, UsrKaM, IKdyTO, kfgLs, vrqwG, mbIrIc, yTEm, bZU, UHdPG, hNBd, uhjptD, Wrwob, HtNZEM, cILftw, CVMjSu, PWrV, voq, EID, HyzHW, WJoytG, nHWJOr, EgI, MbdJMy, BcBd, gHT, cUA, ysbGf, nBd, LrQiWQ, mNs, KbgV, lsWF, sqgOE, XUxyBX, BJw, Rope, rCm, GUpiE, JdEpS, pARl, aCVh, xsO, cZc, eJWWJ, AXc, sFPb, MClX, DZYbM, ihSC, frHECn, JJeA, JOddVZ, aTIA, zhj, yudI, QKZKr, VgtrKf, OkfBnh, zZIOP, HhUW, RJxT, NsNiX, XUx, afhyDO, rzVix, EEflqU, AcPdc, OkEh, fom, yZg, fyd,
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