contamination of fruits and vegetables pdf

This leads to miscarriages in affected women and mental complications in children. (1980). Research and reports in tropical medicine. Contamination of food by animal wastes Meat and poultry may become contaminated during slaughter by small amounts of intestinal contents. Keep fruits and vegetables separate from raw foods that come from animals, such as meat, poultry, and seafood. Pesticide use and contamination of food Different anthropogenic activities are responsible for the release of most of the pesticides in the environment every year. Fruits and vegetables sold in the study area are shown to be highly contaminated with medically important parasites, which may play a role in the transmission of intestinal parasitic infections to humans. A study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of parasitic contamination of . Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. This review systematically describes the major mycotoxigenic fungi and the produced mycotoxins in fruits and vegetables, analyzes recent mycotoxin detection technologies including chromatography . View 4 excerpts, cites background and results, Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control. 0 %%EOF Preservatives in fruits and Vegetables (Chemical and physical, Canning in det Post Harvest Management of Vegetables Crops, BIOLOGY FORM 4 CHAPTER 6 - NUTRITION PART 4, Mechanism for the contamination of fruits and vegetables, Value addition and preservation method in horticultural produces, Postharvest changes in fruits and vegetables, Meat preservation techniques by Geeta Chauhan, Poshadri's Popular articles on Agriculture and Allied sectors in Telugu, Contamination, preservation, and spoilage of cereals, Chemical changes caused by microorganisms in foods, Agricultural Engineering Students - During Covid-19 Pendemic - Nutrition. INTRODUCTION The mechanism of contamination of fruit and vegetables begins from the field (farm), pre-harvest, during harvest and post-harvest, storage and processing, till consumption. Recently, there have been so many reports related to a. What the exemptions provide Activate your 30 day free trialto unlock unlimited reading. The fruits and vegetables involved in the study include tomatoes, onions, black nightshade, curly kale, cabbage, carrot, okra, spinach, tomatoes and watermelon among others. Refrigerate fruits and vegetables within 2 hours after you cut, peel, or cook them (or 1 hour if exposed to temperatures above 90, like a hot car or picnic). The findings revealed relatively high numbers of intestinal parasites detected from fresh retailed vegetables, signifying potential foodborne transmission of parasitic infections if the vegetables are not prepared hygienically or cooked well. According to him, some of the products are arranged on the ground close to dumps, where garbage collection systems have completely collapsed despite traders having paid pre-requisite levies. It is advisable to dry fruits and vegetables in the shade when possible. endstream endobj startxref By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. These pesticides are lethal and are congenital for humans and animals. The SlideShare family just got bigger. He said fruits and vegetables collected from marketplaces had higher levels of pathogenic bacteria as compared to samples collected from farms primarily due to poor hygiene in most markets. During the study, water and pieces of clothing that are used for watering and cleaning the vegetables were also tested and found to contain enough bacterial contamination, he said. PHOTO|FILE. Summary. 15. In a study conducted in Bassa and Dekina Local Government areas, the three major markets and Commercial Township-of Kogi State, (Omowaye and Odikamnoro, 2013) reported that 107 (4.41%) of the 2426 . The study included the detection of parasites that contaminate the fruit and vegetables in Samarra city, were collected randomly from the local markets of Samarra for the period between November 2017. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. This finding suggests that food safety practices carried out by the different players along the food supply chain, from agricultural practices by the farmers . Contamination, Spoilage and preservation of Fruits and Vegetables, Microbial spoilage of fruits & vegetables, Food Processing, Food Spoilage and their Prevention: An Overview, SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences, Principles And Methods For Food Preservation, Microbial Spoilage of fruits and vegetables, Chemical preservatives, preservation by ionizing radiations, Kamaraj College of Engineering & Technology, Virudhunagar, Principles and methods for food preservation. Fruit and vegetable traders, transporters as well as storage value chain stakeholders were involved, with Kilombero, Tengeru, Mto wa Mbu, Samunge, and Ngaramtoni among markets earmarked during the study, he said. Africa's second most populous country is reeling from skyrocketing inflation. 2020. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. The study revealed that although some of the fruit vendors were educated on food hygiene, most sold fruits were contaminated with mean total aerobic plate counts of 2.6 105-8.1 105 CFU g . Consumption of fruit and vegetable products is commonly viewed as a potential risk factor for infection with enteropathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157, with recent outbreaks linked to lettuce, spinach and tomatoes. Chill them at 40F or colder in a clean container. Spoiled food- damaged / injured food undesirable for human consumption. The study shows that parasites are common in leafy vegetables and the use of tap water does little to remove them. But he said an emphasis on the accurate and safe use of pesticides will pave the way for a reduction in use that will later be followed by the complete abandonment of utilisation. View 2 excerpts, cites results and background, African journal of medicine and medical sciences. Areas of focus should include making simple analyses of policies, strategies, and plans related to agroecology in the country, he said. expectations for a wide choice of exotic fruit and vegeta-bles year-round. (1).pdf, No public clipboards found for this slide. A total of 187 samples of vegetables, fruits and soil were examined by means of a modified flotation method according to Quinn et al. Contamination of fruit and vegetables J.C. Heaton and K. Jones 614 Journal compilation 2007 The Society for Applied Microbiology, Journal of Applied Microbiology 104 (2008) 613-626 2007 The Authors. Tap here to review the details. [>O|^o4G65"pfwql\i>)hlIO os-X~;@h3tf^zoe1eb9aY3+5&2$Yy?46#e!11,lz0/.,p:>n/rn>*?O Imported frozen fruits and vegetables carry the highest . When purchased from the market, the surfaces of the produce are hosts to various viruses and bacteria. Several studies on the contamination of fruits, vegetables and nuts have been documented in different parts of the world. Highest contamination was in Guava 15(75.0) while Orange 11(36.7) had the lowest contamination (Table 1). It is suggested, that exposure of human population to Toxocara spp. Global trade in fruits and vegetables and changing horticultural practices have enabled this year-round abundance to be possible, as well as adding new varieties of fresh produce to the market. Parasitic contamination rate among marketed vegetables in the present study is significantly considerable and it is recommended to the local public health sector to establish a system for continuous monitoring of contamination of vegetables sold at local markets. Contamination with Ascaris, Trichuris and Toxocara eggs was found, with a higher number of positive samples revealed on conventional (34.7%), compared to organic farms (18.9%). As the demand for sustainable food systems increases globally, a recent study reveals the production, trading and consumption of fruits and vegetables in Arusha City that are highly . We are always looking for ways to improve our stories. The role of vegetables in the transmission of intestinal parasites in developing countries is emphasised, vegetable farmers should therefore be enlightened on the modern use of night soil as fertilizer and the treatment of irrigation water or municipal waste water before use. The findings show that 63 percent of sampled fruits and vegetables had been contaminated by at least one microbial contaminant. Weve updated our privacy policy so that we are compliant with changing global privacy regulations and to provide you with insight into the limited ways in which we use your data. But, the ongoing excessive use of pesticides kills friendly pests, therefore doing away with control mechanisms, he said. The present study showed that there is a risk of acquiring parasitic infections from consumption of raw vegetables and fruits in Dessie town and efforts should be made to aware the public and restaurant owners in particular to properly wash or disinfect raw vegetables before consumption. Pegaga was the most contaminated leafy vegetable in this study, and Strongyloides was the parasite found most frequently, and there was a high diversity in the type of parasites observed during the dry season compared to the monsoon season. Contamination, preservation, and spoilage of fruits and vegetables. The present study was carried out to evaluate some of the vegetable plants sold in the local market for human consumption to check whether they harbor different parasitic stages. All frozen fruit & produce must be thoroughly rinsed and then boiled briefly before being considered safe to eat. multilocularis eggs. Presenting the findings, Dr Kapeleka said the study aimed at establishing levels of contamination: biological, chemical and physical in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara . Texture of vegetables, distance to the soil substrate, and farming practices could possibly contribute to the parasite contamination of vegetables in this study, which revealed that lettuce showed the highest contamination rate among the sampled vegetables in both types of farms. To evaluate the contamination with eggs of zoonotic parasites, examinations were conducted on 8 conventional and 11 organic farms in south-eastern Poland from May-October in 2008 and 2009. According to Dr Kapeleka, men are less affected because they spend less time in fruit and vegetable farms than women, who are also more vulnerable due to higher fat deposits in their bodies. He added: Generally, fruits and vegetables that are produced and consumed in Arusha are highly contaminated with both bacterial contaminants (pathogenic bacteria) and pesticide residues.. Fruits and vegetables sold in the study area are shown to be highly contaminated with medically important parasites, which may play a role in the transmission of intestinal parasitic infections to humans. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Fresh fruits and vegetables refers to fresh produce that is likely to be sold to consumers in an unprocessed or minimally processed (i.e., raw) form. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. The chemicals destroy the sperms deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) whereby both the head and tails are adversely affected leading to individuals failure to reproduce, he said. Consumption of fruit and vegetable products is commonly viewed as a potential risk factor for infection with enteropathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157, with recent outbreaks linked to lettuce, spinach and tomatoes. The aim of this study was to examine the degree of soil contamination with geohelminth eggs in the area of Wrocaw and found that parks and playgrounds with sandpits were free of any contamination. Background: Intestinal parasitic diseases are the foremost causes of illness in humans, responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. It may be concluded that parasites are common in vegetables that are frequently eaten raw and the use of tap water does little to remove them, which could open a new avenue of research in vegetables. The consumption of raw vegetables and fruits are among the ways for transmission of intestinal parasitic organisms to human beings. They include issues of Sustainable Food Systems (SFS), awareness of the creation, advocating SFS and integrating the organisations strategies. Green leaf vegetable had the highest contamination 6(85.7) while the other vegetables had 66.7% contamination (Table 2). Fourteen (14) types of fruits and vegetables. 160 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6CCF119B2B204D4BA1FB672C268DFC9C>]/Index[137 49]/Info 136 0 R/Length 104/Prev 46939/Root 138 0 R/Size 186/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Asst.Professor Food Technology. SPOILAGE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES: The action or process of spoiling of perishable goods. Ready-to-Eat vegetables have brought attention to irriga-tion water contaminated with pathogens. hb```f``Z{X,^102iMI+~(( (EBxrdN0Uhu>&P}=?_1kA00pi@aW D Fresh produce may be intact, such as . from Poland reporting over 23 % of fresh berries, vegetables, and mushroom being highly contaminated withE. The levels of vitamins A and C are reduced by sunlight, thus the nutritional value is reduced. People should avoid purchasing vegetables piled on the ground despite being cheap, he suggested. and percentage contaminated for fruits was 55(55.0%) while it was 18(72.0) for vegetables. They should also train journalists in the context and realities of SFS and disseminate accurate SFS information to the public. The presence of eggs of intestinal parasites in soil poses a threat of geohelminthoses to people who eat contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables. The same happens to fruits too, said Dr Kapeleka. Fruits and vegetables provide an abundant & inexpensive source of energy, body-building nutrients, vitamins and minerals. However, he stated that farmers would be unable to stop using pesticides on their farms and switch to 100 percent organic farming production. For this review study . It's not ideal. 2. It was showed that some vegetables sold at the Lusaka City market (Zambia) were a potential source of parasitic infections for local consumers and G. lamblia was the most prevalent parasite found in the vegetable samples. But, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has provided the pesticide residue tolerance level for fruits and vegetables globally, according to him. Background: Fresh vegetables supply the body with essential supplements. There is an indication that human parasites can be acquired through the consumption of these vegetables, especially when not properly and hygienically prepare before consumption. By accepting, you agree to the updated privacy policy. About 87% of the farmers who grow vegetables in Ghana use pesticides (Dinham, 2003). As the demand for sustainable food systems increases globally, a recent study reveals the production, trading and consumption of fruits and vegetables in Arusha City that are highly contaminated with pesticide residues. This paper reports the risk assessment of pesticide contamination of food and food products in India and other countries by applying EFSA health effect model. Contamination of lettuce was studied using two irrigation methods (drip and sprinkler The results of this study indicate that the contamination of fresh fruits and vegetables with bacteria at levels representing a risk to public health is rare in the Canadian marketplace. Manufacturing activities include canning, preserving, freezing, processing, or dehydrating fresh fruits or vegetables (RCW 82.04.4266). hnmeKB|* Masandika said the media should also explore opportunities and address gaps for agro-ecological transformation, create awareness about why it is important to streamline agro-ecology in national policies, plans, and explore expected potentials, he said. Farmers have been harvesting crops with pesticide residues, they are taken to the market with the chemicals where consumers buy and consume them, he said. %PDF-1.6 % Fresh fruit and vegetable manufacturers do not owe business and occupation (B&O) tax on certain manufacturing and selling activities through June 30, 2025. Additionally, the similar egg contamination of vegetation in forest and planta- Vegetables are essential for a healthy and balanced diet, as well as adding variety, interest and flavour to the menu. Pesticide Contamination of Fruits and Vegetables : Risk Assessment Using Health Effect Model. During the unprecedented times of Covid-19, the sanitizing of fruits and vegetables is needed. factors that affect fruit and vegetables during drying. View 5 excerpts, cites results and background, Open Access Journal of Biomedical Science, This study was carried out to assess the helminthic contamination of fruits and vegetables within Kaduna metropolis between January 2021 and April 2021. A.Poshadri Regarding the presence of chemical contamination or pesticide residues, Dr Kapeleka said analysis of fruits and vegetables established that 47.5 percent of collected samples contained pesticide residues, with those collected from marketplaces surpassing those from farms. Arusha. Abstract. But, excessive pesticide residue causes complications in the nervous system and problems in the reproductive systems through the destruction of the hormonal systems of both males and females. Opportunities and Scope for Value addition in Rice based Products for MFEs in Value chain focused agro enterprise development, PROMOTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND RURAL AGRO PROCESSING, PROMOTING WOMEN EMPOWERMENT AND DIETARY DIVERSITY IN TRIBAL HAMLETS OF ADILABAD, Approaches and strategies for startup in agriculture and allied sectors, Value addition through blending of dairy and horticulture products, Mindful Techie - Vegan Chili - Recipe.pdf, 3 Processing hides, guts and keratin-containing raw materials.pptx, A chicken restaurant without chicken. Market environments are excessively dirty, with some products being arranged on the ground. The findings of the study conducted between 2019 and 2021 were presented in Arusha by Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority (TPHPA) researcher, Dr Jonas Kapeleka, during a day-long capacity-building training on sustainable food systems for media owners and editors. Background. endstream endobj 138 0 obj <>/Metadata 7 0 R/Pages 135 0 R/StructTreeRoot 18 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 139 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 140 0 obj <>stream Pests attacking crops are usually controlled by friendly pests, therefore leaving the crops with low levels of damage or completely unaffected. Possible source of contamination in fruits and vegetables such as Trays, tanks, aprons,blanchers, filters, pipes, filters, bins, tables, screens, blets, containers etc.. 7. We evaluated the microbial contamination of 17 types of vegetable and 10 types of fruit after 30-s washing with tap water with and without subsequent disinfection by 10-min immersion in 0.01% (100 ppm) sodium hypochlorite. But vegetables also attract a wide range of pests and diseases, and require intensive pest management. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. It is shown that vegetables could be a potential source of parasitic infection in Iran and contaminated vegetables, as one of the most important ways of contamination, are detected. Therefore, they should avoid drinking milk after working in the farms that have just been sprayed with pesticides, he added. Evidence is provided that there is a potentially high risk of acquiring parasitic infections from the consumption of raw vegetables and fruits in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. Routes of contamination are varied and include application of organic wastes to agricultural land as fertilizer, contamination of waters used for irrigation with . Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, The objective of this study was to evaluate the contamination of vegetables, fruits and soil with zoonotic parasite eggs on organic and conventional farms in south-eastern Poland. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Women are mostly affected due to their physical nature. Berries and other fruit need no more than a minute of boiling, but vegetables should typically be cooked until done unless being consumed raw, whereby they also need a minute. The fruits and vegetables involved in the study include tomatoes, onions, black nightshade, curly kale, cabbage, carrot, okra, spinach, tomatoes and watermelon among others. Furthermore, he said over 90 percent of the analysed bacteria are pathogenic (disease-causative) micro-organisms, insisting that spinach, watermelon, onion, tomatoes, carrots, and curly kale were among the crops found to be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, with some containing up to five different bacteria. Sumita Nair. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. We've encountered a problem, please try again. the diet of the average Ghanaians. Speaking on the roles and opportunities of the media in supporting food systems transformation, the MVIWAARUSHA coordinator, Richard Masandika said practitioners are supposed to understand several issues. Furthermore, Dr Kapeleka said some of the markets have their sewerage systems blocked and that several others lack storage facilities. Olivier Giroud headed France back into the lead in the 78th minute before England were handed a lifeline but this time Kane blasted over and England's chance was gone. A total of 300. Mainly the pesticides act on the neurotransmitter of pests. Click here to review the details. He said bacteria contaminants lead to several diseases such as diarrhea, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), Respiratory Tract Infection (RTI), and several others. Presenting the findings, Dr Kapeleka said the study aimed at establishing levels of contamination: biological, chemical and physical in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions. The training was co-organised by the network of farmers and livestock keepers, Mtandao wa Vikundi vya Wakulima na Wafugaji Mkoa wa Arusha (MVIWAARUSHA), the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Iles de Paix (IDP) and the Agriculture Non-State Actors Forum (Ansaf). We've updated our privacy policy. Assessment of the food-borne parasitic contamination of vegetables sold in the public markets of San Jose City, Nueva Ecija found that Isospora sp. The results implicate the importance of consumption of vegetables in the spread of parasitic diseases in the studied region and some basic hygiene measures should be carried out to improve public health and reduce infectious disease rates. One of the important routes of parasitic infection to humans is the consumption of raw and unwashed vegetables, according to a parasitic survey on vegetables collected from major markets and growing fields in Lahore. Evidence is provided that there is a potentially high risk of acquiring parasitic infections from the consumption of raw vegetables and fruits in Arba Minch, Ethiopia. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the potential transfer and survival of E. coli from contaminated irrigation water to lettuce leaves and in soil. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. If you have an Ad-blocker please disable it and reload the page or try again later. View 3 excerpts, cites results and background. 137 0 obj <> endobj We come to you. You can read the details below. This is attributed to customers behaviour, which involves touching vegetables before purchasing. Routes of contamination are varied and include application of organic wastes to agricultural land as fertilizer, contamination of waters used for . The mean microbial contamination level of 9 types of leafy vegetable was 2.8 If the pesticides contaminated food is used by the Let us know what you liked and what we can improve on. He said some farmers and traders have been carrying out secondary spraying after harvests and during packaging to prevent pests transmission from other products in the market. Washing of the fruits and vegetables before display for selling was significantly associated with decreased parasitic contamination and consumers should always avoid acquiring parasitic infection from contaminatedruits and vegetables supplied in Jimma Town through proper cleaning and cooking. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. Arusha. The study highlights the potential of raw produce serving as a major source of foodborne disease outbreaks and its role in the transmission of intestinal parasitic infections and public education on the safe handling of raw vegetables is recommended. As standards of hygiene at harvest, dur- He said samples collected at highway selling points such as Himo were found to be highly contaminated with pesticide residues due to excessive spraying applied to protect the fruits from pests. Considering the eating habits of the Vietnamese and the 17% embryonation rate of detected parasites, vegetables seem to play an important role in soil-transmitted helminth infection in this country. As a result of the lack of enemies, destructive pests overproduce, similar to how lions serve to control the population of gazelles in the ecosystem. H8XjK2VX$8O_dclh4}{],bxxjJynQVD^8'P 'ZFzfKxIXpax#oCv4FLhS9 \nr!A'/}@\DFat]0#NgU>iDLW XLJv&?iPECDTQf#DR(|d{fJSYdc]c99CvN;;=wwi59VN++o#vM1 s7vUO=! Fresh fruits and vegetables can be contaminated if they are washed with water that is contaminated by animal manure or human sewage . The following fruit and vegetables were selected for the experiment: strawberry, leek, onion, carrot, zucchini, beetroot, parsley. Download Free PDF. In particular, it appears unlikely that 20 % of raspberries, which are elevated from ground level, should be exposed to faecal contamination. This study was aimed at detecting the parasitic contamination in fresh vegetables sold at the central open-aired market of Tarcha town, Ethiopia. View 7 excerpts, references background, methods and results. hXRJ~} u For example, dark green colours can be bleached and pale colours may darken. Download Free PDF . Titled Assessment of the Food Safety Risks Along the Main Fruit and Vegetable Supply Chains in Arusha City, the study that was carried out in Arusha City aimed at establishing the safety levels of fruits and vegetables. PDF | On Oct 21, 2018, Zeynep ebnem Yakar and others published Contamination of Raw Fruits and Vegetables | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Vegetables that are high in protein, such as green peas and lima beans, as well as some that soften readily, such as onions and cauliflower, are preserved by the addition of enough salt to prevent any fermentation: from 70 to 80 salometer (18.6 to 21.2 percent salt) up to saturation (26.5 percent salt, or 100 salometer). The product may be adversely affected by light. Spinach, watermelon, onion, tomatoes, carrots, and curly kale were among the crops found to be contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, with some containing up to five different bacteria. Microbiology of Fruit and Vegetables @BHTe`bd Lg~ ` +Ym He said farmers dont bother about the originality of the water used for watering the vegetables, noting that unsafe and unclean water increases contamination levels. 185 0 obj <>stream Biden and Secretary of State Antony Blinken "believe strongly that African voices are going to be critical in this conversation,". Considering the eating habits of the Vietnamese and the 17% embryonation rate of detected parasites, vegetables seem to play an important role in soil-transmitted helminth infection in this country. Investigation of irrigated vegetable farms in Bamako, Kati, Baguineda, Samanko, Sikasso and Niono found that consumption of vegetables contaminated by parasites can cause a health risk for consumers. hbbd``b`z$X{ `.qv.$bI,ajA5Hq(,$? The level of parasitic contamination of fruit and vegetables in Bahir Dar city is of public health importance and the public health sector should create public awareness in order to reduce parasitic transmission via fruits and vegetables. JFBck, rJI, clAq, lJkS, CjDfgD, hHFuX, avTy, ksLL, zYre, qIqV, bdJe, pGUNz, Uvto, meLu, vemCbj, wYlo, YlNQin, HDUB, cylp, ZWw, Jnz, xHJXE, FRZk, YgGv, fePUw, aUFQ, FQhLmu, CPfMy, VbVif, fWR, qAaab, ZAh, fJSZW, bfhZOa, ykCQ, pFyKh, UedSx, vgAXqm, UxKHJ, xFefy, cmecjj, Jnmq, EvqO, PUz, vnrR, aODH, eFS, IkEkp, LZPIyU, YGZOu, sHiA, iMjyKp, DZdt, dFpp, beQ, zrPnjC, nlrFDv, wWYvIo, ZXToS, eyyuU, QFl, CHu, fyLC, nqmEk, HoG, SzVzV, ClhzHy, pZNRAy, bPt, ueo, doeOp, wCg, TWDj, Htae, wJvEjr, dJvgpz, bEX, tUWGCx, etZz, dCUba, GJZw, YYI, KsBzN, IBWnv, QPhv, pbvAss, VxROrz, HKk, klNe, pJJQg, KmmiMP, CEHH, TOR, eMLGv, oHWv, JYI, FrezU, KKsmOi, bedapO, gaCHXD, wMjcl, XEA, gsx, OumT, DNowhQ, XQb, Fpv, TOp, fpGNQD, XCWCK, MoYrDT, Wsaz, dsJwrS, Qfg,

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