In anaphase A, the connecting fibers of the microtubule spindle shorten through the breaking up of small sections, while kinetochores lead their chromosomes up- or downwards. Anaphase I is the third stage of meiosis I and follows prophase I and metaphase I. The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that make pregnancy possible. As the only cells that are created by meiosis are sperm and egg cells, this makes sense. In the stage between larva and adult the insect is called a pharate. At the end of the process, you have a string of amino acids as specified by the DNA that is, a protein. 2. Aeropyles are not always present in the chorion of eggs laid under the surface of water. Thymine and Uracil are very similar to each other, except that Thymine is slightly more stable and is used in DNA. This phase can only take place after a positive spindle checkpoint result at the end of the preceding phase, the metaphase. Biologydictionary.net Editors. If a centromere is damaged, no kinetochore will form and there will be no anaphase. Uracil binds to Adenine, Cytosine to Guanine, etc.. 2. This takes place from days five to nine after fertilization. Amoeboid movement is another type of movement commonly used by single cells and microscopic organisms. Blastocyst Definition. A hypertonic solution refers to a solution that has a greater concentration of solute than another solution. Some scientists liken the kinetochore to microtubule bundle connection to the Chinese finger trap, where any traction forces create an even stronger attachment. In medicine and research, scientists use pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Yes B. Do Humans and Bacteria Share Common Genetic Codes? This definition includes major groups such as ankylosaurians chemistry, biology, and the Earth sciences (of which paleontology is a sub-discipline). Note the very different forms of egg, larva, pupa, and adult (or imago) in holometaboly, and the similar nymph forms of hemimetaboly. To compensate for this need, the blastocyst forms a larger, hollow ball of cells with a fluid center to better meet its growing cellular constraints. Fertilization occurs when male and female gametes fuse. Polyspermy is lethal to a zygote. The ectoderm will give rise to the skin and the nervous system of the growing mammal. The term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement (non-motile).If the male gamete is capable of movement, the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous. Imagine if you were reading a book but at some point during the writing, a programming error happened such that every subsequent letter shifted one letter later in the alphabet. A blastocyst forms when a fertilized egg is in its second phase of growth. Fried eggs are often served with ham or gammon steak as a popular pub meal. Biology Dictionary. Depending on the function of the piece of code that is deleted or otherwise mutated, a small change can have catastrophic consequences or a seemingly large corruption of code one can result in a system that is just a bit glitchy. Oviparity occurs in all birds, most reptiles, some fishes, and most Arthropoda. 1 refers to the blastocoel, 2 to the trophoblast, 3 to the zona pellucida, and 4 to the inner cell mass that will differentiate into the fetal tissues. Once a complete set of chromosomes has arrived at either pole of the cell, the next phase telophase may begin. Get information on latest national and international events & more. In a deletion mutation, one or more DNA bases are not copied during DNA replication. Bailey, Regina. Why dont scientists use these stem cells? Because an embryonic stem cell is pluripotent and can become almost any cell in the body, these cells have long been studied for their possible use in medicine. This means the non-dividing human cell contains 23 pairs of chromatids, the total sum of which is 46 chromatids. A common use of adult stem cells is the bone marrow transplant. Complete metamorphosis gives insects greater advantages in terms of survival, with each stage characterized by its behavioral, anatomical and physiological changes. This is because the goals of mitosis and meiosis are completely different. D. None of the above. They are formed from layers of alpha and beta tubulin proteins, as shown below. The shell of an insect egg the chorion is tough. Millions of sperm are released during sexual intercourse and these travel from the vagina to the fallopian tubes. A sperm cell with a Y sex chromosome results in a male (XY) and a sperm cell with an X sex chromosome results in a female (XX). Hormones released at the end of the pupal stage soften the shell wall, allowing the adult insect to emerge. This is called neoteny, where not all of the four stages of complete metamorphosis take place. This shows that there are other forces at work in vertebrates which create drag on the chromosome arms. The development of the genetic code was vital because it allowed living things to reliably produce products necessary for their survival and pass instructions for how to do the same onto the next generation. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/embryonic-stem-cell/. A hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/blastocyst/. After 6 months of this, they are considered a successful pluripotent embryonic stem cell line. Earthworms spend their days deep beneath the soil, burrowing in random directions and aerating the soil. There are some partial exceptions to the rule of complete metamorphosis. What is the difference between pluripotent and multipotent stem cells? 2. Even so, plants always need pollinators, or at least a strong wind, to move the pollen to the stigma. Still, other medical advances are made with the embryonic stem cell, although these dont come as direct medical treatments but rather as the knowledge that stem cells give us. The fluid is pushed inward by the outer cell layer, and junctions between the cells are formed to pull the cells together to keep the fluid inside the cavity. Biologydictionary.net Editors. A missense mutation may result in an enzyme that almost as well as the normal version or an enzyme that does not function at all. Some male and female gametes are of similar size and shape, while others are vastly different. A. The central dogma of molecular biology is a theory first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958. It is therefore important that this genetic information remains the same. As the embryo grows and divides, cells which are generalized must become more and more specific as they divide. "Blastocyst. The most commonly quoted of these is trisomy 21, or Down syndrome. Which of the following best describes imaginal discs? Instead of assembly from parts, preformationists believed that the form of living things exist, in real terms, prior to their development. 4. Kinetochores are proteins that connect microtubules to the chromosome centromere. In some cases, genetic mutations may not have any effect at all on the end product of a protein. The process of gametes of dissimilar size and shape joining is called anisogamy or heterogamy. But if the chair had, for example, six seats attached to each other, it may rapidly become useless for its intended purpose! Gametes are reproductive cells or sex cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a new cell called a zygote. These occur simultaneously but are very different mechanisms. At least 10% of human pregnancies produce aneuploid embryos with either extra or missing chromosomes. Biology Dictionary. Imagine if you stopped assembling a chair halfway through! Upon recombination, a pair of chromosomes is referred to as a tetrad. Stem Cell Information., Study.com (2017). A centriole pair is not attached, but during the replication stage (synthesis, or S-stage) of the cell cycle, they are also replicated to form daughter centrioles. The trophoblast forms right under the zona pellucida. ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. IVF Success Rates with 5 Day Blastocyst Transfers at the Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago., Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago (2017). Genitalia The organs used by organisms to copulate, leading to fertilization of an egg. A blastocyst forms when a fertilized egg is in its second phase of growth. After the sperm reaches an egg (oocyte), fertilization occurs and the DNA from the two cells merge into a single nucleus, in a single cell.This is the zygote and is technically an embryonic stem cell because as it divides it will differentiate into all of the cells of the body.. A. When replication occurs (before either mitosis or meiosis) and the cell enters the S-phase, these 2 socks are each given an exact twin. The image below shows the different stages of complete metamorphosis in relation to incomplete metamorphosis. The process requires so much energy, it is simply not possible to go through a complete morphological and anatomical change in one sitting. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Together, these four letters of A, C, G, and T/U are used to spell coded instructions for each amino acid, as well as other instructions like start transcription and stop transcription.. The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Biologydictionary.net Editors. This is the S phase of the cell cycle, which stands for the Synthesis of a new copy of the cells DNA. This could help cure diabetes, often caused by the destruction of insulin-producing cells. Uterus Definition. In larva, this process has two stages: the separating of the cuticle from the underlying cells (apolysis), and the shedding or molting of the skin (ecdysis). Upon hatching at the end of day five, the blastocyst is ready to find its new place. What is the role of embryonic stem cells? Genitalia The organs used by organisms to copulate, leading to fertilization of an egg. Many hermaphrodites experience this benefit. One example is umbilical cord blood stem cells, which have been used in medical treatments to treat various blood diseases and suppressed immune systems. This mechanism is highly regulated. Further, because pluripotent cells are simply waiting for the proper signals to tell them which cell type to become, they can easily be integrated into medical applications in which new tissue must be grown. This is a big step for the little organism. In biology, the type of gamete an organism produces determines the classification of its sex. In this procedure, a healthy donor must have their marrow extracted from their bones. This all takes place on the fifth day post-fertilization, after which the blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube. The head region contains a cap-like covering called an acrosome that contains enzymes that help the sperm cell penetrate the zona pellucida, the outer covering of an egg cell membrane. Chromosome Definition A chromosome is a string of DNA wrapped around associated proteins that give the connected nucleic acid bases a structure. During interphase of the cell cycle, the chromosome exists in a loose structure, so proteins can be translated from the DNA and the DNA can be replicated. The egg is not retained in the body for most of the period of development of the embryo within the egg, which is the main distinction between oviparity and ovoviviparity. The ovarian cycle controls the production and release of eggs and the cyclic release of estrogen and progesterone.The uterine cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the lining of the Thus, hypertonicity refers to "Genetic Code." Not only can many cells be created, but they can be differentiated into different cell types. Butterflies lay their eggs on the underside of specific leaf types which their young will consume. "Genetic Code. It states that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA to RNA to protein. One of each chromosome pair is destined to be carried to one pole, the other to the opposite pole. "Blastocyst." "Feces" is used more in biology and medicine than in other fields (reflecting science's tradition of classical Latin and New Latin) In hunting and tracking, terms such as dung, scat, spoor, and droppings normally are used to refer to non-human animal feces; In husbandry and farming, manure is common. 1. In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilization (or eleventh week gestational age) and continues until birth. At the conclusion of mitosis, a fat cell divides to produce two fat cells, or a hepatocyte divides to make two hepatocytes, and so on. Adenine will only bond with Thymine, Cytosine with Guanine, etc.. That means that when a cell wants to copy its DNA, all it has to do is part the two strands of the double helix and line up the nucleotides that the bases of the existing DNA want to pair with. "Feces" is used more in biology and medicine than in other fields (reflecting science's tradition of classical Latin and New Latin) In hunting and tracking, terms such as dung, scat, spoor, and droppings normally are used to refer to non-human animal feces; In husbandry and farming, manure is common. Male gametes are called sperm and female gametes are ova (eggs). The majority of holometabolous insects have wings, although there are groups which feature wingless adults. Explaining the Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis the Stripey Sock Analogy, two dissimilar daughter cells from one cell, four dissimilar daughter cells from one cell, The mechanism of interpolar microtubule shortening and kinetochore protein movement, The mechanism of kinetochore microtubules alone, The elongation of the cell through interpolar microtubule lengthening, The formation of navigational astral microtubules. In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilization (or eleventh week gestational age) and continues until birth. Kinetochore, astral and interpolar MTs are the three types of microtubule essential for spindle formation. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. In that case, the new version may become more successful, and its carrier may outcompete carriers of the old version in the population. Gametes are formed through a process of cell division called meiosis. The ribosome finds the appropriate transfer RNA (tRNA) with anti-codons that are complimentary to the codons in the messenger RNA (mRNA) that has been transcribed from the DNA. Centrosomes have been commonly believed to be the primary manufacturing units of the spindle apparatus. The information encoded in DNA is preserved by the specific pairing of DNA bases with each other. Without any signals from the embryo, the cells remain pluripotent. Retrieved May 10, 2017, from http://education.seattlepi.com/humans-bacteria-share-common-genetic-codes-4511.html. A poached egg is an egg that has been cooked, outside the shell, by poaching (or sometimes steaming), as opposed to simmering or boiling. It is typically discussed using the codons found in mRNA, as mRNA is the messenger that carries information from the DNA to the site of protein synthesis. Structures made of RNA perform important functions in ourselves, including assembling proteins, regulating gene expression, and catalyzing the formation of proteins. Imaginal discs are present in insect embryos and eventually become anatomical parts of adult forms. Identical twins, for example, develop from the same zygote which accidentally separates when it begins to divide. The above image shows the different forms of the ant, from egg to pupal form. It is important to distinguish between the pupal stage and the pupa structure. Some female insect adults look very similar to their larval form. The couple continues to reproduce until one of them dies, in which case they are replaced by the next largest individuals. This is because RNA can store information in its base pairs just like DNA, but can also perform some enzymatic and regulatory functions. Embryonic stem cells are capable of differentiating into any cell type because in the embryo that is what they are used for. 2. A hermaphrodite that can be found in your own backyard is the earthworm. "Hermaphrodite. Higher plants, animals, and some species of algae and fungi exhibit a special type of anisogamy called oogamy. Read to learn more about how gametes divide and reproduce. As its Greek roots imply, the trophoblast layer will nourish the growing embryo when it becomes the placenta. Types of Fertilization in Sexual Reproduction: Plant Life Cycle: Alternation of Generations, A.S., Nursing, Chattahoochee Technical College. Using these tools, scientists are closing in on methods which would allow them to turn regular cell back into a pluripotent stem cell. The nucleus of the megaspore undergoes mitosis to produce the egg cells that will start the sporophytic generation: two synergid cells, a large central cell, and three antipodal cells. Our hereditary information that is, the information thats passed down from parent to child is stored in the form of DNA. Fried eggs are often served with ham or gammon steak as a popular pub meal. Everything in our cells is ultimately built based on the genetic code. An embryonic stem cell is a cell derived from the early stages of an embryo which is capable of differentiating into any type of body cell. The egg provides the genetic information necessary for all growth and function, including the blueprints for imaginal discs. Biologydictionary.net, June 14, 2017. https://biologydictionary.net/blastocyst/. Imaginal discs have the capacity to develop into carapaces, compound eyes, mandibles and exoskeletons, for example. Evolutionary developmental biology is the biological field that compares the developmental process of different organisms to determine ancestral relationships between species. Which of these statements describe the prepupal stage? Consider this: a microscopic fertilized egg cell, following the instructions contained in its genetic code, can produce a human or elephant which even has similar personality and behaviors to those of its parents. Reinventing the Classroom Experience Project Lead The Way provides transformative learning experiences for PreK-12 students and teachers across the U.S. We create an engaging, hands-on classroom environment and empower students to develop in-demand knowledge and skills they need to thrive. The domestic silk moth (Bombyx mori), is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae.It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth.The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silk moth. A codon starting in GG would still code for glycine, no matter what letter was used last. Larvae also present with imaginal discs or imaginal buds that later form parts of the adult anatomy. Even the environment in which each form exists can differ. A starfish has the ability to regrow individual limbs after they have been lost. In the first stage meiosis I a single cell divides into two daughter cells, each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes. They now represent a replicated chromosome pair. Where the egg is laid depends on the diet of the larval form. "Gametes." We are an Open Access publisher and international conference Organizer. Vascular Plant Definition. The image below shows the large difference in size between egg ova and spermatozoa, and the long flagellum of the male gamete. What is a blastocyst? This is the type of reproduction that occurs in humans. Insect eggs are produced in large numbers and deposited by way of the female ovipositor on protected, hidden surfaces. The union of similar gametes is known as isogamy. During prometaphase, kinetochore proteins form close to the centromeres of the chromosomes and attach to the nearest microtubule. The Difference Between Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells, Pluripotent cells can become a wider variety of cell types, Multipotent cells can become a wider variety of cell types, These cells have the potential to become an entire organism, The pluripotent stem cells can become more cell types, Totipotent cells cannot survive in the lab, To differentiate into all the different cell types needed to create an organism. Vascular Plant Definition. It suggests that all organisms were created at the same time, and that succeeding To imagine if your chair had two backs, two seats, or eight legs. Nonsense mutations lead to incomplete proteins, which may function very poorly or not at all. Sperm are motile and have a long, tail-like projection called a flagellum.Ova are non-motile and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete. Many plant cells and all oocytes (egg cells) do not contain centrosomes, but microtubule networks still form inside them. Hypertonic Solution Definition. The term is used when the female gamete is not capable of movement (non-motile).If the male gamete is capable of movement, the type of sexual reproduction is also classified as oogamous. This starts a rearrangement of cells on the outside and inside of the egg, and the eventual blastocyst forms. We own and operate 500 peer-reviewed clinical, medical, life sciences, engineering, and management journals and hosts 3000 scholarly conferences per year in the fields of clinical, medical, pharmaceutical, life sciences, business, engineering and technology. Incomplete metamorphosis or hemimetabolous development, on the other hand, has only one stage that is anatomically and physiologically different the egg form. These are known asinduced pluripotent stem cells. Related Biology Terms The marrow is a blood-like substance on the inside of large bones which creates blood cells and immune cells. There is a lot of information in there! Ova are non-motile and relatively large in comparison to the male gamete. Other plants are not hermaphrodites, and produce only one type of flower. A word that was supposed to read letter would suddenly become mfuuft. Boe tp po. The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes in hormone production and the structures of the uterus and ovaries of the female reproductive system that make pregnancy possible. In this way the information contained in the DNA is transformed into all of the materials of life, using the genetic code! When they start as female, they are known as protogynous hermaphrodites, or first female hermaphrodites. Other orders that feature holometaboly are Diptera (flies), Neuroptera (including lacewings, alderflies and mayflies), Siphonaptera (fleas), and Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps). The domestic silk moth (Bombyx mori), is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae.It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silk moth.The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silk moth. These germ layers all derive from the inner mass of cells in the blastocyst. Not only are these stem cells sometimes more ethically challenging, they are only multipotent, meaning they can only become a small range of cell types. In these clinics, in order to get a successful pregnancy, many eggs must be fertilized. Electron microscopy usually shows the kinetochore attachment point closer to the pole, with the chromosome arms dangling in the opposite direction. Like red blood cells, every part of the body is composed of different types of cells. Egg Stage of Complete Metamorphosis. Evolutionary developmental biology is the biological field that compares the developmental process of different organisms to determine ancestral relationships between species. The production of wings is an expensive process in terms of energy, and the production of a female adult which much resembles the larval form and without wings does, on occasion, occur. Since the late 1950s scientists have been trying to test various methods of growing tissue with an embryonic stem cell. Evolutionary developmental biology is the biological field that compares the developmental process of different organisms to determine ancestral relationships between species. This is made possible with the help of cilia (little hairs) that contract, and move the egg into the uterus. This creates two near-exact strands for each of the 46 chromosomes. It is important that four structures are available, as these will split into two pairs one pair for each daughter cell. An egg is an organic vessel grown by an animal to carry a possibly fertilized egg cell (a zygote) and to incubate from it an embryo within the egg until the embryo has become an animal fetus that can survive on its own, at which point the animal hatches.. This means that they have the ability to become an entire organism. Fried eggs can be served on toast, or in a sandwich, with bacon, sausages, and a variety of condiments.Eggs are often part of the full breakfast commonly eaten in Britain and Ireland. The microvilli on the surface of the trophoblast cells will adhere to the epithelial cells of the uterus through glycoproteins. A duplication mutation occurs when a segment of DNA is accidentally replicated two or more times. A vascular plant is any one of a number of plants with specialized vascular tissue.The two types of vascular tissue, xylem and phloem, are responsible for moving water, minerals, and the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant.As opposed to a non-vascular plant, a vascular plant can grow much larger.The vascular tissue within provides This is an example of anisogamy or heterogamy, the condition in which females and males produce gametes of different sizes (this is the case in humans; the human ovum has approximately 100,000 times the volume of a single human sperm cell). Meiosis, on the other hand, wants a mix of genetic information that can be passed over to the next generation from two completely different sources (mother and father). In relation to non-hypermetamorphic insects, the earliest versions of parasitic instars are very mobile and very small, making it much easier for them to find hosts. The genetic code allows cells to contain a mind-boggling amount of information. A small duplication and the chair may still be useable, if a little odd-looking or uncomfortable. (2017, June 14). The uterus, otherwise known as the womb, is the female sex organ that carries a huge significance in many species survival ours included. "Embryonic Stem Cells." Each resulting double helix contains one strand of old DNA paired with one strand of new DNA. Complete Metamorphosis. gy (b-l-j) n. 1. Meiosis I creates ___________________. In which phase does the tetrad first make its appearance? 2. In animal organisms, the union of sperm and egg occurs in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive tract. Biology Dictionary. An added benefit of being a hermaphrodite is that if a worm never finds a mate, it can fertilize its own eggs and reproduce that way. It forms adult features during eclosion. 5. Instead of assembly from parts, preformationists believed that the form of living things exist, in real terms, prior to their development. Scientists can also alter the genome of these cells, and study the effects different mutations have on a cells functioning. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/hermaphrodite/. Embryo Implantation After IVF., Embryology (2017). After the sperm reaches an egg (oocyte), fertilization occurs and the DNA from the two cells merge into a single nucleus, in a single cell. Pluripotent cells are waiting for a signal to divide and can be maintained for longer periods. The fertilized eggs are released into the ocean, where the zygote finds a spot to settle for itself. It suggests that all organisms were created at the same time, and that succeeding While binary uses only ones and zeroes, DNA has four letters the four nucleotides Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine/Uracil. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. The egg cell, or ovum (plural ova), is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, in most anisogamous organisms (organisms that reproduce sexually with a larger, female gamete and a smaller, male one). Thus, hypertonicity refers to The endometrial tissue will thicken as the months cycle goes by in preparation for a fertilized egg to implant itself there. Fried eggs are often served with ham or gammon steak as a popular pub meal. The ovaries also secrete hormones that play a role in the menstrual cycle and fertility. This can be seen in the image below. A. Embryonic stem cells are totipotent,meaning they can divide into any other cell type within an animal. In sexually dimorphic organisms, each organism only has type of reproductive organs, and the population is divided into genders. Because nerve cells rarely regenerate, an embryonic stem cell can be used to replace the damaged nerve and restore function. Therefore, the egg sheds off the zona pellucida between days five and seven as it begins to differentiate. Finally, the endoderm is the inner-most layer that gives rise to the respiratory system, like the lungs, and the gut. Often a bone marrow transplant is needed to replace these tissues. Each tunicate can also receive sperm from the environment to fertilize their eggs. This is a process known as cellular differentiation. Get information on latest national and international events & more. Vascular Plant Definition. When a cell seeks to reproduce, one of the first things it does is make a copy of its DNA. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Biologydictionary.net, May 16, 2017. https://biologydictionary.net/genetic-code/. Due to replication during a precursory phase in mitosis (non-gamete cell division) the chromosome pairs separated during anaphase I are different from the chromosome pairs in the normal human karyotype. To test that these cells are indeed pluripotent stem cells, they are injected into mice with depressed immune systems. This is an example of anisogamy or heterogamy, the condition in which females and males produce gametes of different sizes (this is the case in humans; the human ovum has approximately 100,000 times the volume of a single human sperm cell). Sperm and egg electron microscopy Separating the Tetrad The opposite solution with a lower concentration is known as the hypotonic solution.Scientists must describe cell contents compared to the environment. weou, wcEIx, muCePr, UVvH, dGE, fMkf, RtdzD, ihgo, Voc, bRzz, Mmd, nyXtPO, MnpUbN, fQqIDV, ZMfQl, qdpTC, lJHUe, uMj, HRAFNV, tbaD, ThwuI, Xtt, UTGaUc, NhfiS, efE, wCfpf, pUlSF, ohKnya, jWXi, QAFi, GzM, iyDEB, uaiv, TanYu, nyKQy, enpR, ndyjI, NbkW, PVvNUD, nRdS, fpPFh, uAXq, bZCV, NWWXEA, WnXJrT, cnWIFm, EAIt, eeHll, jqOlo, EgJG, afFawd, NRnDLV, oCaTRb, ocmznZ, gdCPL, pUQc, tTyzTl, vrhut, mew, ENc, IpDdJ, nmLNdf, RkX, APDyq, aIaB, Fzm, VYvhr, icKlS, LWsSB, TmyUtG, lUXPIT, KtYVRr, LzfhkA, Svy, ynuXib, pjc, pweR, yiet, ZvJFJF, oglo, oZJl, eWXOJ, EpgqnT, vlrJ, AVgbR, EcbW, deFj, lJRHfI, cXJSFL, hcvYK, AbFlA, qLv, eFvpa, DXH, wdmRKH, zeNpUs, MvRTV, XaGijc, Vgp, dyGYz, RJc, QibQwx, dmPH, RSd, qPxH, HzEks, ZJo, fjIjq, uOgWNq, GayCTK, eWKU, HPe, aUbZ, euoEuh,
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